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Immunology > Immunology 3 ( T Cell Mediated Immunity) > Flashcards

Immunology 3 ( T Cell Mediated Immunity) Flashcards

1
Q

Do T cells produce antibodies?

A

No

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2
Q

Do T cells produce secreted TCRs

A

No

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3
Q

What family are TCRs and Immunoglobulins members of?

A

The immunoglobulin superfamily

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4
Q

True are false: the variable domain on each t-cell differs?

A

True

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5
Q

Describe the make up of a T cell receptor.

A

Alpha chain and beta chain. Constant alpha and variable alpha and constant beta and variable beta

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6
Q

How do helper T cells help B cells?

A

Help them differentiate into Ig secreting plasma cells

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7
Q

How do helper T cells help macrophages?

A

Activates them so they can carry out phagocytosis and killing

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8
Q

What at T cells relationship with APCs?

A

T cells can not interact directly with antigens can only interact with antigens presented on cells (APC)

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9
Q

What is the only type of antigen T cells will recognise?

A

Proteins

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10
Q

What allows the antigen peptide to be presented on APCs?

A

A surface membrane protein called HLA in humans MHC in mammals

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11
Q

What is the mhc1 receptor made of?

A

Alpha 1,2,3 and a beta micro globulin

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12
Q

What type of T cells bind to HLA class 1 cells?

A

Cd8 cytotoxic T cells

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13
Q

What is the HLA class ii receptors made of?

A

Beta 1,2 and alpha 1,2. ( the 1’s are closest to the antigen)

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14
Q

What T cells bind to HLA class 2?

A

Helper T cells

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15
Q

What are the helper proteins for HLA-t cells interactions?

A

Cd4 (helper) and cd8 (cytotoxic)

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16
Q

What is cd8 made of?

A

Two polypeptide chains that bind to alpha 3 of the HLA class 1

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17
Q

What is cd4 made of?

A

It is a single polypeptide but with 4 immunoglobulin like domains ( part of superfamily) that bind to the side of the beta 2 domain of HLA 2

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18
Q

What are protein antigens in the cytoplasm degraded in?

A

A complex called a proteosome

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19
Q

How are peptides transferred the proteosome to the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Via peptide transporter proteins.

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20
Q

What length are the processed peptides?

A

8 or 9 aa

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21
Q

Where do the processed peptides meet the newly synthesised HLA 1?

A

In smooth endoplasmic reticulum via peptide transporter gateways. Once complex they move to the surface

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22
Q

What happens after enocytosis of exogenous particles?

A

Internalised into a vacuole. Enzymes entering the vacuole degrade the antigen.newly synthesised HLA 2 is transported to vacuoles and complexed with antigen peptide aa

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23
Q

What processing do infected cells do?

A

HLA class 1 processing

24
Q

What do B cells that have taken in bound antigen do?

A

HLA type ii processing- helper T cell comes and turns B cell into a plasma cell

25
Q

Can most cells process HLA 1 and 2?

A

Most cells type 1

Mostly immune cells type 2

26
Q

What types of cells express high levels of type HLA type 1 and 2?

A

Dendritic cells

27
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Secreted proteins that regulate cellular activity

28
Q

Which helper cells can promote allergic reactions?

A

Th2

29
Q

How does th2 activate mast cells and eosinophils during an allergic reaction?

A

Th2 produce IL-4 which promotes B cells to produce IgE which binds to mast cells priming them to release inflammatory mediators.
Th2 produces IL-5 which activates eosinophils

30
Q

Why/How are giant cells formed?

A

TB. Micro bacteria engulfed but can’t be killed. Macrophages stimulate th1 cells to produce TNF-gamma to stimulate more macrophages. Macrophages differentiate into epitheloid cells that fuse to become multi-nuclear giant cells.

31
Q

In an X-Ray of someone with TB what would you see?

A

Shadowing over the lungs due to inflammatory tissue damage caused by activated macrophages and tissue damage

32
Q

In a TB tissue section what would you see?

A

Massive t-cell infiltration, giant cells and epitheloid cells and destruction of tissue architecture

33
Q

How many types of leprosy is there?

A
  1. One is th1 responsive and the other is th2 responsive
34
Q

What is th1 responsive leprasy called?

A

Tuberculoid leprasy - mainly th1, IFN-gamma. Killing of microbacteria

35
Q

What is th2 responsive leprasy called?

A

Lepromatous Leprasy . Lymphocyte infiltration only- can’t kill microbacteria

36
Q

What do you call the affinity of some viruses to particular receptors?

A

Tropism

37
Q

What do you call viruses with no envelope?

A

Lytic viruses- kill cell

38
Q

What do you call viruses with an envelope?

A

Budding viruses- do not kill cell- form part of cell membrane

39
Q

Name the 7 stages of a virus life cycle

A

1) infecting virus
2) attachment to cell receptors
3) penetration
4) uncoating
5) replication
6) assembly capsid
7) release

40
Q

What can antibodies alone do to stop viruses?

A

They can block binding and entry into cells

41
Q

What can antibodies and complement do to protect from viruses?

A

Damage to enveloped viruses and opsonisation for phagocytosis

42
Q

What proteins are used to define influenza A viruses?

A

Capsid proteins. Haemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase(N)

43
Q

What causes virus drift?

A

Small mutations- replication errors

44
Q

What causes Shift?

A

When two strains of influenza virus recombine forming a new strain.

45
Q

What is the antiviral action of interferons?

A

Interferon alpha and beta produced by infected cells results in activation of enzymes in cells to degrade viral mRNA

46
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Large granular lymphocytes

47
Q

Can NK cells recognise antigens?

A

No. But they have FC receptors for IgG antibodies.

48
Q

What do NK cells bind to on cells?

A

Two receptors - kill and don’t kill

49
Q

What does the inhibitory receptor on NK cells bind to?

A

HLA class 1.

50
Q

How can a NK cell if another cell is abnormal?

A

Reduced expression of HLA class 1

51
Q

What happens tumour cell expression of HLA class 1?

A

It is reduced

52
Q

What interferon do NK cells produce?

A

Type 2 Interferon gamma. - enhances HLA class 1 and class 2 expression

53
Q

What two types of proteins are released from granules in NK cells?

A

Perforins- perforate surface cells and form structures in cell membrane (similar to c9)
2) granzymes. Activate the cells own apoptosis enzymes

54
Q

What are caspases?

A

The cells apoptosis enzymes -activate endonucleases

55
Q

What is the second way infected cells can activate NK cells?

A

By expression Fas ligand- induces apoptosis

Immunology (8 decks)

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