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Immunology > Clinical Immunology > Flashcards

Clinical Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What chromosome are the HLA class 1 genes on?

A

Chromosome 6

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2
Q

Name the HLA class 1 groups

A

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C

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3
Q

Name the HLA class 2 types

A

HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR

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4
Q

How man HLA alleles are there?

A

Hundreds. 1 in 70 million chance of having identical match.

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5
Q

Explain direct recognition in donor rejection

A

Donor APCs migrate to lymph nodes where they are recognised by t- cells that are stimulated by HLA proteins on APC cell surface = ALLOREACTIVE RECIPIENT T-CELLS

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6
Q

Explain indirect recognition in donor rejection

A

Proteins from donor tissue that are allelicly different to recipient are processed by recipient APCs

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7
Q

Explain SPUR

A

Serious
Persistent
Unusual/opportunistic
Recurrent

Infections in immune deficiency

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8
Q

What is associated with antibody defects?

A

Bacterial infection

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9
Q

What is associated with T cell defects?

A

Fungi, viruses and GvHD

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10
Q

What causes GvHD?

A

Happens in bone marrow transplantation-caused by T cells in BM

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11
Q

What infections are associated with phagocytic defects?

A

Abscesses

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12
Q

What is associated with terminal complement defects?

A

Neisseria

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13
Q

What is associated with classical complement defects?

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

What is an example of an antibody deficiency?

A

Agammaglobulinaemia/ brutans syndrome. Due to a mutation in a tyrosine kinase essential for B cell formation

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15
Q

What happens b-cells if yo lack tyrosine kinase?

A

B cells can’t be generated from immature B cells in bone marrow

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16
Q

What happens if you have an IgA deficiency?

A

Susceptible to infections

17
Q

What causes hyper IgM?

A

Can’t undergo class switching. May lack cd40 expression of B cells that allows it to interact with t helper cells

18
Q

What causes secondary antibody deficiencies?

A

Lymphoproliferative disease- leukaemias. Malnutrition

19
Q

What causes transient hypogammaglobinaemia in infancy?

A

Transplacental transfer takes place in last 3 months of pregnancy- if baby is immature may lack IgG

20
Q

What is the effect of di George syndrome/thymic hypoplasia?

A

Genetic defects that cause developmental defects of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches

21
Q

What is the effect of di George on the parathyroids?

A

Hypocalcaemia

22
Q

What is the effect of di George on the great vessels?

A

Congenital heart disease

23
Q

What is the effect of di George on the thymus?

A

T cell deficiency - fungal, viral infections, graft vs host

24
Q

What is the HIV target?

A

Infects helper T cells by binding to cd4 molecules

25
Q

What is seroconversion illness?

A

10-15% of patients infected with hiv. Body produces antibodies to virus.

26
Q

How is AIDS defined

A

By Th appearance of opportunistic infections

27
Q

How many HIV viruses are there?

A

Two. Hiv-1 and his-2

28
Q

AIDS is defined as a cd4 t Cell count of what?

A

Less than 200 microlitres

29
Q

How does HIV escape detection?

A

Original detected by cytotoxic T cells but virus creates subtypes as it replicates so it escapes detection- as t helper cells are killed off- no adaptive immunity

30
Q

What does HART stand for?

A

Highly active retroviral therapys

31
Q

What is multiple kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Cancer caused by herpes virus found in AIDS

32
Q

What is severe combined immune deficiency? (SCID)

A

Inherited stem cell deficiency- lack of function in t and B cells

33
Q

What is kostnanns syndrome?

A

Primary disorder of neutrophils. Reduced production

34
Q

What is leucocyte adhesion deficiency?

A

Defect in production of integrins required for neutrophils to stick to blood vessels to get to infected tissues

35
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease?

A

Primary disorder of neutrophils- can’t kill microbes- can’t generate reactive oxygen species required for killing bacteria)

36
Q

What do defects in c1q, c2 or c4 cause?

A

Immune complex disease. Complement complexes can’t be cleared from spleen or liver - damages tissue eg kidney

37
Q

What are iatrogenic causes of secondary immune deficiency?

A

Immunosuppressive treatment. Removal of lymphoid tissue

Immunology (8 decks)

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