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Immunology > Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Immunology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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2
Q

Name 4 secondary lymphoid organs

A

Tonsils
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Peyers patches

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3
Q

What are peyers patches?

A

Lymphoid tissue in wall of small intestine

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4
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

Mucose associated secondary lymphoid tissue- thin layer of connective tissue below epithilium

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5
Q

How long does a lymphocyte spend in an organ before it recirculates?

A

1-2 days

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6
Q

How do lymphocytes leave peripheral tissue?

A

They drain out of tissue as tissue fluid via the lymphatics system to the lymph nodes (afferent lymphatics)

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7
Q

How do lymphocytes return to the blood from the lymph nodes?

A

Out of lymph nodes via efferent lymphatics and back to blood mainly via thoracic duct

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8
Q

Name the polymorphonuclear leucocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells

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9
Q

Name the granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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10
Q

Example of anti microbial secreted mediators

A

Antibodies, complement proteins

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11
Q

Name regulatory/inflammatory mediators of immunity

A

Cytokines and histamine

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12
Q

What two things does the innate system recognise?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) eg. Viral ds DNA and pathogen recognition receptors ( PRRs) eg toll like receptors

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13
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Anything that is recognised by a lymphocyte

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14
Q

What is the first immune response after skin is cut?

A

Immediate local innate response- complement proteins and macrophages

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15
Q

What is the early induced response?

A

Innate/inflammatory: inflammatory mediators from complement macrophages and mast cells attract leucocytes and serum proteins

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16
Q

What happens during the later adaptive response?

A

Antigen carriage by dendritic cells or freely in lymph fluid results in lymphoid tissue activation of T and B lymphocytes and antibody recirculation to site of infection

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17
Q

How long does it take for the adaptive immune response to kick in?

A

5-7 days

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18
Q

What is the response to extra cellular infection?

A

Complement proteins, phagocytes and antibodies

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19
Q

What is he response to intercellular vesicular infection?

A

Helper t-cells if macrophage can’t digest it alone

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20
Q

Intra-cellular cytosolic infection? Eg viruses

A

Interferon proteins, natural killer cells and cytotoxic cells

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21
Q

What is immunopathology

A

Diseases involving defects in or inappropriate activity of the immune system

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22
Q

What does the cytokines IL-6 do?

A

Stimulates the liver to produce and excrete acute phase protein- c- reactive pro time and man in binding lectin

23
Q

What does C-reactive protein do?

A

C reactive protein acts as a pattern recognition protein. It binds to phosphocholine which is part of the bacterial lipopolysaccharides

24
Q

What does man in binding lectin do?

A

Binds to mannose residues in bacterial carbohydrate

25
Q

Give examples of macrophages PRRs

A

Mannose receptors, glucagon receptors, LPS receptors

26
Q

What are toll like receptors?

A

Proteins expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells that recognise Structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes

27
Q

How many antigen receptors and how many pamps are expressed by lymphocytes?

A

Millions of antigen receptors and ~100 pamps

28
Q

What do you call antibody particles attached to b-cell surface?

A

Surface immunoglobulins (SIG)

29
Q

What happens when an antigen binds to a SIG?

A

This triggers the B cell to become a plasma cell that secretes antibodies

30
Q

True or false a B cell has thousands of SIG that all recognise the same epitope

A

True

31
Q

What are B cells that recognise the same antigen called?

A

B cell clones

32
Q

What do B cells do before they become a plasma cell?

A

They proliferate. Some stay as memory B cells

33
Q

What are B cells called that have never seen an antigen before?

A

Naive cells

34
Q

What is used for tetanus immunisation?

A

Tetanus toxoid (inactive but structurally identical form)

35
Q

Name the two types of light chains

A

Kappa (k) and lambda

36
Q

What are the heavy chains for IgA, IgE, IgG IgM and IgD

A

Mu, alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon

37
Q

How many types of IgG is there and how many types of IgA?

A

Four types of IgG (1,2,3,4) and two types of IgA (1,2)

38
Q

What is the area of an Ig that binds antigen called?

A

Fab: fragment antigen binding made up of one constant and variable chain of both heavy and light

39
Q

What is the FC region

A

Fragment crystallisable region. Made up of constant heavy domains of antibody. Interact with cell surface FC receptors

40
Q

How is an Ig class defined?

A

From constant domains of heavy chain.

41
Q

How are chains held together?

A

By covalent bonds.

42
Q

What encodes the heavy chains?

A

2 separate genes- 1 for variable and 1 for constant

43
Q

What are B cells all originally programmed to produce?

A

IgM and some IgD

44
Q

How many antigen combining sites does IgM have?

A
  1. It is a pentamer
45
Q

Which Ig forms a secretory dimer?

A

IgA

46
Q

Which Ig are monomers?

A

IgE, IgD and IgG

47
Q

Where is IgM mostly found?

A

The blood

48
Q

Where is IgG mostly found?

A

Blood, tissue and placental tranfer

49
Q

Where is IgA and IgA dimer found?

A

IgA in blood and tissues and the dimer in mucosal secretions and milk.

50
Q

Where is IgE found?

A

In tissues bound to mast cells

51
Q

Where is Iga1 and iga2 mostly found?

A

Iga1 is mostly found in serum an iga2 is mostly found in secretions

52
Q

What keeps IgM structure together?

A

Disulphide bonds and a joining chain

53
Q

Where is IgD found

A

Found in membrane of immature B cells and can also be secreted in serum

Immunology (8 decks)

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