Immunological Aspect of the Renal System Flashcards
ischemic acute kidney injury leads to what?
metabolic acidosis and ATP depletion
what is sterile inflammation induced by?
intrinsic DAMPS that are released by necrotic parenchymal kidney cells and due to ECM degradation
what is another name for DAMPs?
alarmins
what DAMP represents the nucleolus protein?
HMGB1
what DAMP represents the exosomes?
HSPs
what DAMP represents the cytoplasm?
S100
what damp represents the degradation of the ECM?
hyaluronans
what can bind DAMPs and activate the classical complement pathway?
C-reactive protein (CRP)
what is the reason for the kidney’s unique susceptibility to complement-induced damage?
high filtration rate favors tissue deposition of immune complexes
what do neutrophils release when activated?
proteases and ROS
what are the immune responses of the early stages of AKI mediated by?
Th17 and Th1 cells
what are the late stages of AKI mediated by?
Th1 cells
what do DCs release?
IL-1, IL-6, and TGF-beta
what does IL-17 induce?
inflammation
what does IL-22 induce?
Homeostasis
what does IL-17 induce the expression of and what does this lead to?
induces the expression of CCL20; leads to the recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes, and Th1/Th17 cells
what do Th1 cells secrete?
IFN-gamma
what does IFN-gamma induce?
classically activated M1 macrophages
how are Th1 cells induced by DCs?
by IL-12
besides inducing classical macrophage activation, what else does IFN-gamma induce?
isotype switching of B-cells
what induces the activation of M2 macrophages?
IL-13 and IL-4 (from Th2 cells)
what happens when TGF-beta is produced?
pericytes become myofibroblasts
all acute kidney injuries happen and are mediated by what type of reactions?
type II and type III
what is the mechanism of action for type II reactions of acute kidney injuries?
upon tissue damage, positively charged Ags can be planted into the negatively charged GBM
what are the targets for transplant rejection?
HLA Ags
what does clotting cascade generate?
fibrin and fibrinopeptides
what is the role of fibrin?
it aggregates to yield a 3D network of the clot
what is the role of fibrinopeptides?
they increase the local vascular permeability and leukocyte accumulation in the tissue
what does the kinin cascade produce?
bradykinin (increases vascular permeability)
what is a general description of microcytotoxicity test for class I HLA compatibility?
anti-HLA abs are added to both the donor and recipient lymphocytes; complement is added and then dye; there is an HLA match if the dye is found in both
how do you test for HLA class II compatibility?
using mixed lymphocyte response
what is mixed lymphocyte response?
uses radioactivity and labeled thymidine; the more radioactivity incorporated the great the class II HLA disparity
