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Immunohematology > Immunologic Principles > Flashcards

Immunologic Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of the immune system?

A

Immunology

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2
Q

WHat is the study of blood group specific Ags and Abs?

A

Immunohematology

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3
Q

What is the definition of blood banking?

A

It is the collection, processing, storage, preservation & proper disposal of blood for donation

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4
Q

What is the other term for antigen?

A

Immunogen

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5
Q

What is the substance that binds w/ Ab?

A

Antigen or Immunogen

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6
Q

What are the factors affecting immunogenicity?

A 
Foreignness
Chemical complexity
High molecular weight
Digestibility
Dosage and route of administration
Accessibility of reactive sites
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7
Q

This is the portion of the Ags that bind to Ab or TCR?

A

Epitope

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8
Q

This is the low molecular weight molecule that is too small to stimulate immune response but can combine w/ another molecule to induce response?

A

Hapten

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9
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

These are compounds that enhance immune response.

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10
Q

What is the difference between auto and alloantigens?

A

Autoantigens belong to the host, while alloantigens are from other members of the host’s species

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11
Q

What is the relationship of antigens called when antigens are from other species?

A

Heteroantigens

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12
Q

These antigens are unrelated plants or animals but identically related in structure?

A

Heterophile Ags

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13
Q

TRUE OR FLASE:

RBC Ags dictates the blood type/group of an individual

A

TRUE - it is detected through DIrect Hemagglutination reaction

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14
Q

What are the three methods of agglutination reaction?

A

Slide, Tube, and Gel method

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15
Q

Which among the three methods qualitatively test for reaction?

A

Slide method

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16
Q

Which method is the LEAST SENSITIVE?

A

Slide method

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17
Q

A 2+ grade in tube method has _______ clumps and _____ supernatant

A

medium sized clumps and turbid, red supernatant

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18
Q

Who discovered the gel method?

A

Dr. Yves Lapierre in Lyon France

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19
Q

This method is known as an immunological technique in which either an Ag or Ab is immobilized onto a solid medium?

A

Solid phase red cell adherence (SPRCA)

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20
Q

This Ag is found in the short arm of chromosome no. 6

A

HLA (Human leukocyte Ag)

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Antibodies are also known as immunoglobulins

A

TRUE

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22
Q

Monomer

A

basic functional and structural unit of Ab

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23
Q

These are produced in response to antigenic stimulation

A

Antibodies

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24
Q

TRUE OR FLASE:

Antibodies are carbohydrates

A

FALSE - they are glycoproteins

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

All immunogens are not antigens, but all antigens are all immunogens

A

FALSE

All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens

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26
Q

This factor that affects immunogenicity where in it is considered as non-self

A

Foreigness

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27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

the more complex the Ag, the more immunogenic

A

TRUE

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28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Not all parts of the immunogen are recognized

A

TRUE

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29
Q

Which cells present substances to the immune system?

A

APCs

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30
Q

What is the fastest route of administration to be able to have an immune response?

A

IV or intravenous

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31
Q

What is the counterpart of an epitope that is found on the Ab?

A

Paratope

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32
Q

Using the gel method, what is the gel used for ABO or Rh typing?

A

Polyacrylamide gel

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33
Q

Using the gel method, what is the gel used for crossmatching?

A

Neutral gel cards (has NO anti-sera)

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34
Q

What are the advantages of gel method?

A

There is standard reading, small sample size, results stable for 3days

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35
Q

What are the disadvantages of gel method?

A

Costly because of reagents, need special centrifuge

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36
Q

How many RCS is needed for gel method?

A

25-50uL or 1-2 drops

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37
Q

What is the most sensitive method of agglutination reaction?

A

Gel method

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38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Bigger agglutinates settle at the bottom

A

FALSE

Big agglutinates cannot pass through, and will settle at the top resulting to a 4+ grading

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39
Q

Using the SPRCA, if you want to detect Ag, you will immobilize _______________

A

Antibody

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40
Q

Who discovered SPRCA?

A

Plapp and coworkers in 1984

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41
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

SPRCA is used to improve sensitivity and specificity?

A

TRUE

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42
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

MHC/HLA plays a major role in innate immunity only

A

FALSE:

It also plays a major role in humoral immunity

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43
Q

This is defined as the unresponsiveness to platelet transfusion

A

Platelet refractoriness

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44
Q

What cells produce antibodies?

A

Plasma cells differentiated from B-cells

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45
Q

Antibody is made up of 4 chain polypeptide that is held together by ____________

A

noncovalent forces and disulfide bond/linkage

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46
Q

The two light chains are: ________________________

A

kappa and lambda, found in chromosome 2 and 22 respectively

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47
Q

Which region of the heavy chain is Ag binding site found?

A

Variable region

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48
Q

This chain dictates the type of Ab produced?

A

Heavy chain

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49
Q

Positively charged Ab is found in the __________ terminal end

A

Amino terminal end

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50
Q

Negatively charged Ab is found in the ___________ terminal end

A

Carboxy terminal end

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51
Q

What are the most commonly encountered Abs in blood bank?

A

IgM, IgG, and IgA

52
Q

Which fragment of the variable region binds with Ag?

A

Fab

53
Q

Which fragment of the constant region binds with host’s cell?

A

Fc/ crystallizable fragment

54
Q

What substance is responsible to bend and reach Ag?

A

Proline

55
Q

What are the fragments formed in papain digestion?

A

2 Fab, 1 Fc

56
Q

Which enzyme cleave IgG at the carboxyterminal end?

A

Pepsin

57
Q

What are the fragments form in pepsin digestion?

A

1 Fab, 1 Fc

58
Q

Which immunoglobulin has J-chain?

A

IgM

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

IgG is capable of crossing the placenta which can lead to HDN

A

TRUE

60
Q

Where does clearance of red cell with IgM?

A

Intravascular

61
Q

IgM is detected in what phase?

A

Immediate spin phase

62
Q

IgG is detected in what phase?

A

AHG Phase

63
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Both IgG and IgM activates the classical pathway

A

TRUE

64
Q

What is the term that defines the number of binding sites?

A

Valence

65
Q

Which immunoglobulin has the highest concentration?

A

IgG

66
Q

Which immunoglobulin has the highest half-life?

A

IgG

67
Q

Which immunoglobulin has the largest molecular weight?

A

IgM

68
Q

What are the opsonins in complement activation?

A

C3b (most of the time) C4b, C5b for phagocytosis

69
Q

What is the chemotaxin in complement system?

A

C5a

70
Q

What is the anaphylatoxin in complement system?

A

C3a, C4a, C5a

71
Q

What is the MAC formed that promotes cell lysis?

A

C5b6789

72
Q

What is the requirement to activate antibody dependent pathway?

A

1 IgM molecule or 2 IgG molecules

73
Q

What are the 3 pathways of complement system?

A

Classical, Properdin or alternative, and lectin or mannose-binding lectin pathway

74
Q

What is the common goal of the three complement pathways?

A

Cell lysis or create membrane attack complex

75
Q

where does the three complement pathway meet?

A

C3

76
Q

If there is a complete hemolysis, the supernatant is ______________________ with ________ cell button

A

Clear to red with NO cell button

77
Q

If there is a partial hemolysis, the supernatant is ______________________ with ________ cell button

A

Pink to red, presence

78
Q

If there is no hemolysis, the supernatant is ______________________ with ________ cell button

A

Clear, presence

79
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

All antigen-antibody reactions are governed by Law of Mass of Action

A

TRUE

80
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Law of mass of action states that Ag-Ab reaxn are IRREVERSIBLE

A

FALSE

It is reversible

81
Q

What is the definition of affinity?

A

it is the initial force of attraction between single binding sites

82
Q

What is avidity?

A

it is the sum of all forces of attraction between multivalent Ags and Abs

83
Q

this is defined as the antibody’s characteristic where it will only react to the Ag that caused its production

A

Specificity

84
Q

This intermolecular forces bind in 2 polar substances?

A

Hydrogen bonds

85
Q

Antibodies are __________ charged

A

Positive

86
Q

Antigens are ________ charged

A

Negative

87
Q

Ionic bonds exist between _____________________

A

oppositely charged particles (Neg/Pos)

88
Q

Hydrophobic bonds exist between ___________________

A

2 non-polar substances

89
Q

Hydrogen bonds are weaker than _________________ but stronger than __________________

A

Ionic bonds, Van der Waals Forces

90
Q

Van der Waals Forces exist between __________

A

electron clouds

91
Q

Define agglutination

A

It is the aggregation of particles caused by the binding of Ag and Ab

92
Q

What are the antibodies called that cause agglutination?

A

Agglutinins

93
Q

What are examples of particles that participate in agglutination reaction?

A

RBC, bacteria, latex particles (inert carriers)

94
Q

what are the two steps of agglutination?

A

Sensitization and lattice formation

95
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Sensitization is REVERSIBLE

A

TRUE

96
Q

Agglutination becomes visible when it is done with _______________

A

lattice formation

97
Q

Lattice formation is _______________

A

the formation of larger aggregates of the Ag-Ab complex

98
Q

Sensitization is ____________

A

the initial binding of antibodies to antigens

99
Q

What is the ideal serum to cell ratio?

A

40:1

100
Q

How to achieve the ideal serum to cell ratio?

A

Add 2 drops of Ab and 1 drop of Ag

101
Q

What is zone of equivalence?

A

It is where the concentration Ab and Ag is equal

102
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

INC in concentration of Ab will DEC the probability of collision of events

A

FALSE

There will also be a INC of the probability of collision of events

103
Q

What is the incubation time for albumin?

A

30 mins

104
Q

What is the incubation time for LISS?

A

15 mins

105
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Incubation time must be followed to avoid zone of equivalence

A

FALSE

Zone of equivalence must be achieved

106
Q

Which immunoglobulin reacts at room temperature?

A

IgM

107
Q

Which immunoglobulin reacts at warm temperature or 37 deg C?

A

IgG

108
Q

What is the ideal pH?

A

6.7 to 7.2 (7.0)

109
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

DEC ionic strength DEC zeta potential

A

TRUE

110
Q

What is the medium used to decrease ionic strength?

A

LISS (low ionic strength saline)

111
Q

If the zeta potential is INC this may lead to ____________

A

easier agglutination = intravascular hemolysis

112
Q

What are the factors affecting lattice formation?

A

Zeta potential, Ab-Ag concentration, centrifugation

113
Q

What is the action of 22% bovine serum albumin?

A

It neutralizes the negative charge on RBC

114
Q

What is the action of PEG or polyethylene glycol?

A

removes water and hydrophilic bonds

115
Q

Which enhancement media is the best?

A

PEG or polyethylene glycol

116
Q

Which enhancement media decreases incubation time?

A

LISS

117
Q

This enhancement media enhance or destroy RBC Ags

A

Enzymes

118
Q

What are the examples of enzyme enhancement media?

A

Papain, Ficin, Bromelin

119
Q

What substance make negative charge for zeta potential?

A

Sialic Acid

120
Q

Post-zone is ___________

A

Ag excess

121
Q

Pro-zone is __________

A

Ab excess

122
Q

If there is a prozone or postzone, what could be the result?

A

False NEGATIVE

123
Q

What is the most commonly used sample in blood bank?

A

Red cell suspension (2-5%)

124
Q

What is the formula for %RCS?

A

= (Amount of washed RBC/total volume)x100

125
Q

What is the effect of centrifugation?

A

it decreases reaction time by promoting cell-to-cell contact

126
Q

Lattice formation only occurs if Ab-Ag concentration is ____________

A

equal

127
Q

What is the most effective method to enhance reaction?

A

Centrifugation

Immunohematology (7 decks)

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