Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mikro & pato I > Immunologia 1 > Flashcards

Immunologia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

Receptors of innate immune system that recognize common molecular pattern on pathogen surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

Molecules specifically associatedwith groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Immunogenic

A

Any molecule that on its own is able to elicit an adaptiveimmune response on injectioninto a person or animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Adjuvant

A

Any substance that enhances the immune response to an antigen with which it is mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pattern-tunnistus

A

Perustuu reseptoreihin, jotka tunnistavat mikrobeista peräisin olevia rakenteita, mm. lipopolysakkaridit, lipoproteiinit, mikrobien nukleiinihapot ja flagelliini. Reseptorit jaetaan 4 ryhmään: Toll-reseptorit, RIG-I-reseptorit, NOD-reseptorit ja lektiinireseptorit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A

Innate receptors on macrophages, dendritic cells, and some other cells, that recognize pathogens and their products, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Recognition stimulates the receptor-bearing cells to produce cytokines that help initiae immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

RIG-I-like helicases

A

Family of intracellular proteins that detect viral RNAs, initiating a signalling pathway that leads to interferon production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

A

Large family of proteins containing a nucleotide-oligomerization domain (NOD) associated with various other domains, and whose general function is the detection of microbes and of cellular stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

NOD1, NOD2

A

Intracellular proteins with a nucleotide-oligomerization domain (NOD) anda leucine-rich repeat domain that bind components of bacterial cell walls and activate the NFkB pathway initiating inflammatory responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Complement activation pathway that is triggered by mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) or ficolins bound to bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

A

Mannose-bindingprotein present in the blood. It can opsonize pathogens bearing mannose on their surfaces and can activate the complement system via the lectin pathway, an important part of innate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ficolins

A

Carbohydrate-binding proteins that can initiatelectin pathway of complement activation, members of the collectin family and bind to the N-acetylglucosamine present on the surface of some pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Collectins

A

Family of calcium-dependent sugar-binding proteins (lectins) containing collagen-like sequences, example of mannose-binding lectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Opsonization

A

Coating of the surface of a pathogen by antibody and/or complement that makes it more easily ingested by phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Komplementin tehtävät (7)

A
  1. Mikrobien lyysi (MAC)
  2. Opsonisaatio
  3. Tulehdusreaktion välittäminen, välittäjäaineiden vapauttaminen syöttösoluista, sileän lihaksen supistaminen, verisuonten läpäisevyyden lisääminen
  4. Kemotaksis ja fagosyyttien aktivaatio
  5. Immunokompleksien ja muiden molekyyliaggregaattien käsittely
  6. Vaurioituneiden solurakenteiden eliminaatio
  7. Spesifisen immunivasteen voimistuminen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Membrane-attack complex (MAC)

A

Protein complex composed of the terminal complement proteins, which assembles on pathogen surfaces to generate a membrane-spanning hydrophilic pore, damaging the membrane and causing cell lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Rapid-onset allergic reaction to antigen that occurs throughout the body. In most severe cases systemic reaction leads to potentially fatal anaphylactic shock as a result of circulatory collapse and suffocation due to tracheal swelling. Usually results from binding of antigen to IgE antibody on connective tissue mast cells leading to disseminated release of inflammatory mediators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chemokine

A

Small chemoattractant protein that stimulates migration and activation of cells, especially phagosytic cells and lymphocytes, have a central role in inflammatory responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neutrofiilit

A

Lyhytikäisiä granulosyyttejä, monilohkoinen tuma, tuhoavat mikrobeja akuutissa tulehdusreaktiossa, pystyvät fagosytoimaan leimautuneita kohteita

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neutrophil

A

Most numerous type of white blood cell in human peripheral blood, phagocytic cells with multilobed nucleus and granules that stain with neutral stains, enter infected tissues and engulf and kill extracellular pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dendriittisolut

A

Antigeenin esittelyyn soluvälitteisen immuunireaktion käynnistyksessä erikoistuneita soluja, jaetaan myeloidisiin ja plasmasytoidisiin. Kudoksissa fagosytoivat mikrobeja, vaeltavat imusolmukkeisiin, jossa esittelevät antigeenin lymfosyyteille

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Bone marrow derived cells found in most tissues, two main types: conventional (myeloid) and plasmacytoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Conventional (myeloid) dendritic cells

A

Take up antigen in peripheral tissues, activated by contact with pathogens, travel to lymph nodes and stimulate T-cell responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

A

Main function in an infection is to produce large amounts of the antiviral interferons as a result of pathogen recognition through receptors such as TLRs, can also take up and present antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Suoliston immuunijärjestelmä

A

Suolen imusolut kolmella erikoistuneella alueella:

  1. Peyerin levyt
  2. Yksittäisinä lymfosyytteinä lamina propriassa
  3. Yksittäisinä lymfosyytteinä epiteelisolukerroksessa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)

A

Organized lymphoid tissues closely associated with gastroinestinal tract, comprising Peyer’s patches, appendix, and isolated lymphoid follicles found in intestinal wall. They have an anatomically compartmentalilze structure typicalof peripheral lymphoid organs and are sitesat which adaptive immune responses are initiated. Connected to mesenteric lymph nodes by lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Organized peripheral lymphoid organs under epithelium in small intestine, especially ileum, and in whichadaptive immune response can be initiated. Contain lymphoid follicles and T-cell areas, part of GALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

MHC-molekyylit

A

MHC-molekyylit (ihmisellä HLA) toimivat alustana tunnistettavan peptidin esittelemiselle ja siihen sitoutuu T-solun koreseptori (CD4/CD8), jaetaan kahteen luokkaan: MHC I & II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

Cluster of genes on human chromosome 6 that encodes a set of membrane glycoproteins called the MHC-molecules. MHC also encodes proteins involve in antigen processing and othe aspects of host defence. Genes for MHC are most polymorphic in human genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mannose receptor

A

Receptoron macrophages that is specific for mannose-containing carbohydrates that occur on surfaces ofpathogens but not on host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mesenteric lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes located in connective tissue (mesentery) that tethers intestine to rear wall of abdomen, drain the GALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

MHC class I molecules

A

Polymorphic proteins encoded in MHC and expressed on most cells in the body, cell-surface proteins that present antigenic peptides generated in the cytosol to CD8 T cells, interact with T-cell co-receptor CD8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

MHC class II molecules

A

Polymorphic proteins encoded in MHC and expressed on some cells of the immune system, primarily specialized antigen-presenting cells. Cell-surface proteins that present antigenic peptides derived from internalized extracellular pathogens to CD4 T cells, interact with T-cell co-receptor CD4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

MHC molecules

A

Highly polymorphic glycoproteins encoded by MHC class I and II genes, which are involved in presentation of peptide antigens to T cells, also known as histocompatibility antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

MHC restriction

A

Peptide can only be recognized by a T cell if it is bound to particular self MHC molecule. Consequence of events that occur during T-cell development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Auttaja T-solut

A

Ilmentävät apumolekyyliä CD4 ja tunnistavat MHC luokan II esittelemiä antigeeneja. Toimivat muiden immuunipuolustuksen solujen ja immuunivasteen säätelijöinä aktivoiden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Helper T cells

A

Effector CD4 T cells that stimulate B cells to make antibody in response to antigenic challenge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

CD4

A

Co-receptor for T-cell receptors that recognize peptide antigens bound to MHC class II molecules, binds to lateral face of MHC molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

CD8

A

Co-receptor for T-cell receptors that recognize peptide antigens bound to MHC class I molecules, binds to lateral face of MHC molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Tappaja-T-solut

A

Ilmentävät apumolekyyliä CD8 ja tunnistavat MHC luokan I esittelemiä antigeenejä. Tärkeitä virusinfektioiden torjunnassa, aikaansaavat infektoituneen solun apoptoosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

T cells that can kill other cells, typically CD8 T cells defending against intracellular pathogens that live or reproduce in the cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Effector CD4 T cells that inhibit T-cell responses and are involved in controlling immune reactions and preventing autoimmunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Antigen-specific lymphocytes for adaptive immune resonses, function is to produce antibodies
On activation by antigen differentiate into plasma cells

44
Q

B7 molecules

A

Cell-surface proteins on specialized antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, bind to CD28 and CTLA-4 proteins on T cells

45
Q

C3

A

Complement protein on which all complement activation pathways converge, cleavage forms C3b which can bind covalently to microbial surfaces promoting destruction by phagocytes

46
Q

CC chemokines

A

One of two main classes of chemokines, distinguised by two adjacent cysteines (C) near amino terminus

47
Q

Central lymphoid organs

A

Sites of lymphocyte development, in humans bone marrow and thymus

48
Q

Central memory T cells (TCM)

A

Memory lymphocytes that express CCR7 and recirculate between blood and secondary lymphoid tissues similarly to naive T cells, require restimulation in secondary lymphoid tissue to mature to effector T cells

49
Q

Central tolerance

A

Immunological tolerance to self antigens that is established while lymphocytes are developing in central lymphoid organs

50
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Cellular movement occuring in response to chemical signals in the environment

51
Q

Classical patway

A

Complement-activation pathway that is initiated by C1 binding either directly to bacterial surfaces or to antibody bound to bacteria flagging the bacteria as foreign

52
Q

CCR7

A

Chemokine receptor expressed by all naive T and B cells, and some memory T and B cells, binds to CCL19 and CCL21 made by dendritic cells and stromal cells in lymphoid tissues

53
Q

C1

A

Protein complex activated as the first step in classical complement activation pathway, composed of C1q bound to two molecules of proteases C1r and C1s

54
Q

Alternative pathway

A

Form of complement activation that is initiated by spontaneous hydrolysis of C3 and which uses factor B and factor D to form their binding to the receptor

55
Q

Cross-presentation

A

Process by which extracellulat proteins taken up by dendritic cells can give rise to peptides presented by MHC class I moleculesm enables antigens from extracellular sources to be presented by MHC I molecules and activate CD8 T cells

56
Q

Cytokine

A

Protein made by a cell that affect the behaviour of other cells

57
Q

Effector lymphocytes

A

Cells that differentiate from naive lymphocytes after initial activation by antigen and can then mediate removal of pathogens from the body without further differentation, distinct from memory lymphocytes

58
Q

Eosinophil

A

Type of white blood cell containinggranules that stain with eosin, thought to be important in defence against parasitic infections, also important as effector cell in allergic reaction

59
Q

Follicular dendritic cell (FDC)

A

Cell type of uncertain origin in B-cell follicles of peripheral lymphoid organs that captures antigen:antibody complexes using non-internalized Fc receptors and presents them to B cells for internalization and processing during germinal center reaction

60
Q

Germinal center

A

Site of intense B-cell proliferation and differentationthat develop in lymphoid follicles during an adaptive immune response, somatic hypermutation and class switching happens in germinal centers

61
Q

Granulocytes

A

White blood cells with multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules, comprise neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

62
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Immunity due to proteins circulating in the blood, such as antibodies or complement

63
Q

IgA

A
  • composed of alfa-heavy chains
  • monomeric/dimeric
  • main antibody secreted by mucosal lymphoid tissues
64
Q

IgD

A
  • composed of delta-heay chains

- appears as surface immunoglobulin on mature B cells

65
Q

IgE

A
  • composed of epsilon-heavy chains

- acts in parasite infections and allergic reactions

66
Q

IgG

A
  • composed of gamma-heavy chains

- most abundant class of immunoglobulins in plasma

67
Q

IgM

A
  • composed of mew-heavy chains
  • first to appear on B cells
  • first to be secreted by B cells
68
Q

Regulatoriset T-solut

A

Hillitsevät muiden solujen toimintaa, CD4 positiivisia, tärkeitä immunologisen toleranssin ylläpitäjiä, osallistuvat immuunivasteiden sammuttamiseen infektion parannuttua, vähentävät dendriittisolujen antigeeni esittelyä

69
Q

B-solujen toiminta

A

Tarvitsevat aktivaatioon sekä antigeenin kohtaamisen että kontaktin aktivoituvan T-solun kanssa, aktivoiduttuaan jakautuvat nopeasti ja käynnistyy somaattinen hypermutaatio, tuottavat IgM vasta-aineita, lopulta luokanvaihto IgG:ksi ja kypsyminen plasmasoluiksi

70
Q

Plasmasolu

A

Maturoituneita B-soluja, tuottavat runsaasti immunoglobuliineja, eivät pysty lisääntymään, suurin osa kuolee muutamassa viikossa, osa pitkäikäisiä ja jatkavat vasta-aineiden eritystä

71
Q

Immunoglobuliinit

A

Perusyksikkö Y:n muotoinen, proteiinirunko ja pieni hiilihydraattiosa, 2 H-peptidiketjua, 2 L-peptidiketjua, antigeenia sitova kohta L- ja H-ketjujen päissä

72
Q

Systeemiset autoimmuunitaudit

A

Immuunimekanismien välittämiä sairauksia, joihin liittyy immuunivaste kehon omia rakenteita vastaan, esiintyvyyteen vaikuttavat niin perinnölliset kuin ympäristötekijätkin, esim. systeeminen lupus erythematosus, sjögrenin oireyhtymä, pemfigus, reuma

73
Q

Elinspesifiset autoimmuunitaudit

A

Autoimmuunitauteja, jotka vaikuttavat tiettyyn elimeen, esim. Basedowin tauti, tyypin I diabetes, keliakia, multippeliskleroosi

74
Q

Systeeminen lupus erythematosus

A

Sidekudossairaus joka johtuu autoimmuunireaktioista solujen rakenteita vastaan, oireet vaihtelevat, ensioireina usein kuumeilu, väsymys, laihtuminen ja niveloireet, tumavasta-aineita ilmaantuu vereen, diagnoosikriteerejä 11, joista 4 täytyy täyttyä

75
Q

Sjögrenin oireyhtymä

A

Sylki- ja kyynelrauhasten toiminta heikkenee, yleistynyt sidekudostauti, oireina silmien ja suun limakalvojen kuivuminen, väsymys, nivelkivut

76
Q

Pemfigus

A

Ihon autoimmuunitauti, jossa ihoon tai limakalvoihin muodostuu rakkuloita

77
Q

Basedowin tauti

A

Hypertyreoosi, autovasta-aineita muodostuu TSH-reseptoria kohtaan ja kilpirauhanen aktivoituu

78
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Hermo-lihasliitoksen sairaus, jonka oireina lihasten väsyminen ja heikkous, muodostuu vasta-aineita liitoksen asetyylikoliinireseptoreita vastaan

79
Q

Tyypin I diabetes

A

Autoimmuunitauti, jossa haiman Langerhansin saarekkeiden beta-solut tuhoutuvat, aiheuttaa häiriöitä glukoosin metaboliaan

80
Q

Hashimoton tauti

A

Autoimmuunityreoidiitti, vasta-aineita kilpirauhase nkudoksia vastaan, aiheuttaa vähitellen kilpirauhasen surkastumisen

81
Q

Keliakia

A

Gluteiini aiheuttaa suolitulehduksen, johtaa villusatrofiaan ja kryptahypertrofiaan ja ravinteiden imeytymisen häiriöihin, , IgA vasta-aineita transglutaminaasientsyymiä kohtaan

82
Q

Multippeliskleroosi

A

Autoimmuunireaktio aivojen valkean aineen hermohaarakkeita kohtaan, CD8 T-soluja kertyy plakkeihin ja myeliinituppi vahingoittuu

83
Q

Nivelreuma

A

Synovian krooninen tulehdusreaktio johta nivelkalvon paksuuntumiseen, nivelrusto tuhoutuu, myös luun eroosiota

84
Q

Ankyloiva spondyliitti

A

Selkärankareuma, HLA-B27-kudostyyppiin vahva assosiaatio, oireina selkävaivat, voi vaikuttaa myös esim silmän tai sydänlihaksen vaurioita

85
Q

APECED

A

AIRE-mutaation aiheuttama, endokriinisten elinten autoimmuunitauti, mm. Hypoparatyreoosi ja lisämunuaisen kuorikerroksen autoimmuunitauti

86
Q

Crohnin tauti

A

Suoliston seinämän tulehdus, oireina ripuli, kuumeilu ja laihtuminen

87
Q

Sekundaariset immuunipuutokset

A

Yleisimpiä immuunipuutostiloja, vaikuttaa sekä luontaiseen että opittuun immuniteettiin, voivat johtua esim ravitsemuksesta, raskaudesta, lääkityksestä, metabolisista muutoksista tai sairaudesta (HIV, syöpä)

88
Q

Rokotetyypit (3)

A
  1. Eläviä heikennettyjä mikrobeja sisältävät
  2. Inaktivoituja mikrobeja sisältävät
  3. Mikrobien rakenteita sisältävät
89
Q

Rokoteohjelman rokotteet (9)

A
  1. Rotavirus
  2. PCV
  3. Dtap
  4. IPV
  5. Hib
  6. MPR
  7. Influenssa
  8. HPV
  9. Vesirokko
90
Q

Rotavirus-rokote

A

Rotavirusripuliin, sisältää eläviä heikennettyjä virukksia, kolme rokotuskertaa (2, 3 ja 5 kk)

91
Q

PCV

A

Pneumokokkikonjugaattirokote, ehkäisee aivokalvontuhdukselta, keuhkokuumeelta, verenmykkytkseltä sekä korvatulehdukselta, sisältää pneumokokkien pintasokereita3 rokotuskertaa (3, 5 ja 12 kk)

92
Q

Viitosrokote

A

DTap-IPV-Hib, kurkkumätä, jäykkäkouristus, hinkuyskä, polio ja Hib-taudit, 3 rokotuskertaa (3, 5 ja 12 kk)

93
Q

MPR

A

Tuhkarokko, sikotauti, vihurirokko, 2 rokotuskertaa (12-18 kk ja 6 v)

94
Q

HPV

A

Kahden papilloomaviruskannan pintaproteiineja, 11-12-vuotiaille tytöille, 2 rokotuskertaa, välissä vähintään 5 kk, ehkäisee kohdunkaulan, emättimen ja ulkosynnytinten syövän esiasteita ja syöpiä

95
Q

Interferons

A

Cytokines that are induced in response to infection, IFN-alfa and IFN-beta are antiviral, IFN-gamma has other roles

96
Q

Interleukins

A

Cytokines produced by leukocytes, for example IL-2 and IL-1beta

97
Q

IL-2beta

A

Cytokine produced by active macrophages that has many effects including activation of vascular endothelium and lymphocytes and induction of fever

98
Q

IL-2

A

Cytokine produced by activated naive T cells and essential for their proliferation and differentation, key cytokine in development of adaptive immune response

99
Q

IFN-gamma

A

Cytokine produced by effector CD4 Th1 cells, CD8 T cells and NK cells, primary function is activation of macrophages

100
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Phagocytic immature dendritic cells found in epidermis, in presence of infection migrate to lymph nodes where mature to antigen-presenting dendritic cells

101
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Lipid mediators of inflammation that are derives from arachidonic acid, produced by macrophages

102
Q

Macrophage

A

Large mononuclear phagocytic cell type important as scavenger, pathogen-recognition, antigen-presenting, and effector phagocytic cells, source of pro-inflammatory cytokines

103
Q

Mast cell

A

Large granule-rich cell found in connective tissues throughout the body, involved in defences against parasites and allergic reactions

104
Q

Natural killer (NK) cells

A

Large granular lymphocyte, which kills virus-infected cells and some tumor cells, important in innate immunity to viruses and other intracellular pathogens

105
Q

Plasma cell

A

Terminally differentiated activatedB lymphocyte, main antibody-secreting cells, found in medulla of lymph nodes, splenic red pulp, bone marrow, and mucosal tissues

Mikro & pato I (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions