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Immunologia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

Receptors of innate immune system that recognize common molecular pattern on pathogen surfaces

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2
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

Molecules specifically associatedwith groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system

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3
Q

Immunogenic

A

Any molecule that on its own is able to elicit an adaptiveimmune response on injectioninto a person or animal

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4
Q

Adjuvant

A

Any substance that enhances the immune response to an antigen with which it is mixed

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5
Q

Pattern-tunnistus

A

Perustuu reseptoreihin, jotka tunnistavat mikrobeista peräisin olevia rakenteita, mm. lipopolysakkaridit, lipoproteiinit, mikrobien nukleiinihapot ja flagelliini. Reseptorit jaetaan 4 ryhmään: Toll-reseptorit, RIG-I-reseptorit, NOD-reseptorit ja lektiinireseptorit

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6
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A

Innate receptors on macrophages, dendritic cells, and some other cells, that recognize pathogens and their products, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Recognition stimulates the receptor-bearing cells to produce cytokines that help initiae immune responses

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7
Q

RIG-I-like helicases

A

Family of intracellular proteins that detect viral RNAs, initiating a signalling pathway that leads to interferon production

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8
Q

NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

A

Large family of proteins containing a nucleotide-oligomerization domain (NOD) associated with various other domains, and whose general function is the detection of microbes and of cellular stress

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9
Q

NOD1, NOD2

A

Intracellular proteins with a nucleotide-oligomerization domain (NOD) anda leucine-rich repeat domain that bind components of bacterial cell walls and activate the NFkB pathway initiating inflammatory responses

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10
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Complement activation pathway that is triggered by mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) or ficolins bound to bacteria

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11
Q

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

A

Mannose-bindingprotein present in the blood. It can opsonize pathogens bearing mannose on their surfaces and can activate the complement system via the lectin pathway, an important part of innate immunity

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12
Q

Ficolins

A

Carbohydrate-binding proteins that can initiatelectin pathway of complement activation, members of the collectin family and bind to the N-acetylglucosamine present on the surface of some pathogens

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13
Q

Collectins

A

Family of calcium-dependent sugar-binding proteins (lectins) containing collagen-like sequences, example of mannose-binding lectin

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14
Q

Opsonization

A

Coating of the surface of a pathogen by antibody and/or complement that makes it more easily ingested by phagocytes

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15
Q

Komplementin tehtävät (7)

A
  1. Mikrobien lyysi (MAC)
  2. Opsonisaatio
  3. Tulehdusreaktion välittäminen, välittäjäaineiden vapauttaminen syöttösoluista, sileän lihaksen supistaminen, verisuonten läpäisevyyden lisääminen
  4. Kemotaksis ja fagosyyttien aktivaatio
  5. Immunokompleksien ja muiden molekyyliaggregaattien käsittely
  6. Vaurioituneiden solurakenteiden eliminaatio
  7. Spesifisen immunivasteen voimistuminen
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16
Q

Membrane-attack complex (MAC)

A

Protein complex composed of the terminal complement proteins, which assembles on pathogen surfaces to generate a membrane-spanning hydrophilic pore, damaging the membrane and causing cell lysis

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17
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Rapid-onset allergic reaction to antigen that occurs throughout the body. In most severe cases systemic reaction leads to potentially fatal anaphylactic shock as a result of circulatory collapse and suffocation due to tracheal swelling. Usually results from binding of antigen to IgE antibody on connective tissue mast cells leading to disseminated release of inflammatory mediators

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18
Q

Chemokine

A

Small chemoattractant protein that stimulates migration and activation of cells, especially phagosytic cells and lymphocytes, have a central role in inflammatory responses

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19
Q

Neutrofiilit

A

Lyhytikäisiä granulosyyttejä, monilohkoinen tuma, tuhoavat mikrobeja akuutissa tulehdusreaktiossa, pystyvät fagosytoimaan leimautuneita kohteita

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20
Q

Neutrophil

A

Most numerous type of white blood cell in human peripheral blood, phagocytic cells with multilobed nucleus and granules that stain with neutral stains, enter infected tissues and engulf and kill extracellular pathogens

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21
Q

Dendriittisolut

A

Antigeenin esittelyyn soluvälitteisen immuunireaktion käynnistyksessä erikoistuneita soluja, jaetaan myeloidisiin ja plasmasytoidisiin. Kudoksissa fagosytoivat mikrobeja, vaeltavat imusolmukkeisiin, jossa esittelevät antigeenin lymfosyyteille

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22
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Bone marrow derived cells found in most tissues, two main types: conventional (myeloid) and plasmacytoid

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23
Q

Conventional (myeloid) dendritic cells

A

Take up antigen in peripheral tissues, activated by contact with pathogens, travel to lymph nodes and stimulate T-cell responses

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24
Q

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

A

Main function in an infection is to produce large amounts of the antiviral interferons as a result of pathogen recognition through receptors such as TLRs, can also take up and present antigens

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25
Suoliston immuunijärjestelmä
Suolen imusolut kolmella erikoistuneella alueella: 1. Peyerin levyt 2. Yksittäisinä lymfosyytteinä lamina propriassa 3. Yksittäisinä lymfosyytteinä epiteelisolukerroksessa
26
Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)
Organized lymphoid tissues closely associated with gastroinestinal tract, comprising Peyer's patches, appendix, and isolated lymphoid follicles found in intestinal wall. They have an anatomically compartmentalilze structure typicalof peripheral lymphoid organs and are sitesat which adaptive immune responses are initiated. Connected to mesenteric lymph nodes by lymphatic vessels
27
Peyer's patches
Organized peripheral lymphoid organs under epithelium in small intestine, especially ileum, and in whichadaptive immune response can be initiated. Contain lymphoid follicles and T-cell areas, part of GALT
28
MHC-molekyylit
MHC-molekyylit (ihmisellä HLA) toimivat alustana tunnistettavan peptidin esittelemiselle ja siihen sitoutuu T-solun koreseptori (CD4/CD8), jaetaan kahteen luokkaan: MHC I & II
29
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Cluster of genes on human chromosome 6 that encodes a set of membrane glycoproteins called the MHC-molecules. MHC also encodes proteins involve in antigen processing and othe aspects of host defence. Genes for MHC are most polymorphic in human genome
30
Mannose receptor
Receptoron macrophages that is specific for mannose-containing carbohydrates that occur on surfaces ofpathogens but not on host cells
31
Mesenteric lymph nodes
Lymph nodes located in connective tissue (mesentery) that tethers intestine to rear wall of abdomen, drain the GALT
32
MHC class I molecules
Polymorphic proteins encoded in MHC and expressed on most cells in the body, cell-surface proteins that present antigenic peptides generated in the cytosol to CD8 T cells, interact with T-cell co-receptor CD8
33
MHC class II molecules
Polymorphic proteins encoded in MHC and expressed on some cells of the immune system, primarily specialized antigen-presenting cells. Cell-surface proteins that present antigenic peptides derived from internalized extracellular pathogens to CD4 T cells, interact with T-cell co-receptor CD4
34
MHC molecules
Highly polymorphic glycoproteins encoded by MHC class I and II genes, which are involved in presentation of peptide antigens to T cells, also known as histocompatibility antigens
35
MHC restriction
Peptide can only be recognized by a T cell if it is bound to particular self MHC molecule. Consequence of events that occur during T-cell development
36
Auttaja T-solut
Ilmentävät apumolekyyliä CD4 ja tunnistavat MHC luokan II esittelemiä antigeeneja. Toimivat muiden immuunipuolustuksen solujen ja immuunivasteen säätelijöinä aktivoiden
37
Helper T cells
Effector CD4 T cells that stimulate B cells to make antibody in response to antigenic challenge
38
CD4
Co-receptor for T-cell receptors that recognize peptide antigens bound to MHC class II molecules, binds to lateral face of MHC molecule
39
CD8
Co-receptor for T-cell receptors that recognize peptide antigens bound to MHC class I molecules, binds to lateral face of MHC molecule
40
Tappaja-T-solut
Ilmentävät apumolekyyliä CD8 ja tunnistavat MHC luokan I esittelemiä antigeenejä. Tärkeitä virusinfektioiden torjunnassa, aikaansaavat infektoituneen solun apoptoosin
41
Cytotoxic T cells
T cells that can kill other cells, typically CD8 T cells defending against intracellular pathogens that live or reproduce in the cytosol
42
Regulatory T cells
Effector CD4 T cells that inhibit T-cell responses and are involved in controlling immune reactions and preventing autoimmunity
43
B lymphocytes
Antigen-specific lymphocytes for adaptive immune resonses, function is to produce antibodies On activation by antigen differentiate into plasma cells
44
B7 molecules
Cell-surface proteins on specialized antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, bind to CD28 and CTLA-4 proteins on T cells
45
C3
Complement protein on which all complement activation pathways converge, cleavage forms C3b which can bind covalently to microbial surfaces promoting destruction by phagocytes
46
CC chemokines
One of two main classes of chemokines, distinguised by two adjacent cysteines (C) near amino terminus
47
Central lymphoid organs
Sites of lymphocyte development, in humans bone marrow and thymus
48
Central memory T cells (TCM)
Memory lymphocytes that express CCR7 and recirculate between blood and secondary lymphoid tissues similarly to naive T cells, require restimulation in secondary lymphoid tissue to mature to effector T cells
49
Central tolerance
Immunological tolerance to self antigens that is established while lymphocytes are developing in central lymphoid organs
50
Chemotaxis
Cellular movement occuring in response to chemical signals in the environment
51
Classical patway
Complement-activation pathway that is initiated by C1 binding either directly to bacterial surfaces or to antibody bound to bacteria flagging the bacteria as foreign
52
CCR7
Chemokine receptor expressed by all naive T and B cells, and some memory T and B cells, binds to CCL19 and CCL21 made by dendritic cells and stromal cells in lymphoid tissues
53
C1
Protein complex activated as the first step in classical complement activation pathway, composed of C1q bound to two molecules of proteases C1r and C1s
54
Alternative pathway
Form of complement activation that is initiated by spontaneous hydrolysis of C3 and which uses factor B and factor D to form their binding to the receptor
55
Cross-presentation
Process by which extracellulat proteins taken up by dendritic cells can give rise to peptides presented by MHC class I moleculesm enables antigens from extracellular sources to be presented by MHC I molecules and activate CD8 T cells
56
Cytokine
Protein made by a cell that affect the behaviour of other cells
57
Effector lymphocytes
Cells that differentiate from naive lymphocytes after initial activation by antigen and can then mediate removal of pathogens from the body without further differentation, distinct from memory lymphocytes
58
Eosinophil
Type of white blood cell containinggranules that stain with eosin, thought to be important in defence against parasitic infections, also important as effector cell in allergic reaction
59
Follicular dendritic cell (FDC)
Cell type of uncertain origin in B-cell follicles of peripheral lymphoid organs that captures antigen:antibody complexes using non-internalized Fc receptors and presents them to B cells for internalization and processing during germinal center reaction
60
Germinal center
Site of intense B-cell proliferation and differentationthat develop in lymphoid follicles during an adaptive immune response, somatic hypermutation and class switching happens in germinal centers
61
Granulocytes
White blood cells with multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules, comprise neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
62
Humoral immunity
Immunity due to proteins circulating in the blood, such as antibodies or complement
63
IgA
- composed of alfa-heavy chains - monomeric/dimeric - main antibody secreted by mucosal lymphoid tissues
64
IgD
- composed of delta-heay chains | - appears as surface immunoglobulin on mature B cells
65
IgE
- composed of epsilon-heavy chains | - acts in parasite infections and allergic reactions
66
IgG
- composed of gamma-heavy chains | - most abundant class of immunoglobulins in plasma
67
IgM
- composed of mew-heavy chains - first to appear on B cells - first to be secreted by B cells
68
Regulatoriset T-solut
Hillitsevät muiden solujen toimintaa, CD4 positiivisia, tärkeitä immunologisen toleranssin ylläpitäjiä, osallistuvat immuunivasteiden sammuttamiseen infektion parannuttua, vähentävät dendriittisolujen antigeeni esittelyä
69
B-solujen toiminta
Tarvitsevat aktivaatioon sekä antigeenin kohtaamisen että kontaktin aktivoituvan T-solun kanssa, aktivoiduttuaan jakautuvat nopeasti ja käynnistyy somaattinen hypermutaatio, tuottavat IgM vasta-aineita, lopulta luokanvaihto IgG:ksi ja kypsyminen plasmasoluiksi
70
Plasmasolu
Maturoituneita B-soluja, tuottavat runsaasti immunoglobuliineja, eivät pysty lisääntymään, suurin osa kuolee muutamassa viikossa, osa pitkäikäisiä ja jatkavat vasta-aineiden eritystä
71
Immunoglobuliinit
Perusyksikkö Y:n muotoinen, proteiinirunko ja pieni hiilihydraattiosa, 2 H-peptidiketjua, 2 L-peptidiketjua, antigeenia sitova kohta L- ja H-ketjujen päissä
72
Systeemiset autoimmuunitaudit
Immuunimekanismien välittämiä sairauksia, joihin liittyy immuunivaste kehon omia rakenteita vastaan, esiintyvyyteen vaikuttavat niin perinnölliset kuin ympäristötekijätkin, esim. systeeminen lupus erythematosus, sjögrenin oireyhtymä, pemfigus, reuma
73
Elinspesifiset autoimmuunitaudit
Autoimmuunitauteja, jotka vaikuttavat tiettyyn elimeen, esim. Basedowin tauti, tyypin I diabetes, keliakia, multippeliskleroosi
74
Systeeminen lupus erythematosus
Sidekudossairaus joka johtuu autoimmuunireaktioista solujen rakenteita vastaan, oireet vaihtelevat, ensioireina usein kuumeilu, väsymys, laihtuminen ja niveloireet, tumavasta-aineita ilmaantuu vereen, diagnoosikriteerejä 11, joista 4 täytyy täyttyä
75
Sjögrenin oireyhtymä
Sylki- ja kyynelrauhasten toiminta heikkenee, yleistynyt sidekudostauti, oireina silmien ja suun limakalvojen kuivuminen, väsymys, nivelkivut
76
Pemfigus
Ihon autoimmuunitauti, jossa ihoon tai limakalvoihin muodostuu rakkuloita
77
Basedowin tauti
Hypertyreoosi, autovasta-aineita muodostuu TSH-reseptoria kohtaan ja kilpirauhanen aktivoituu
78
Myasthenia gravis
Hermo-lihasliitoksen sairaus, jonka oireina lihasten väsyminen ja heikkous, muodostuu vasta-aineita liitoksen asetyylikoliinireseptoreita vastaan
79
Tyypin I diabetes
Autoimmuunitauti, jossa haiman Langerhansin saarekkeiden beta-solut tuhoutuvat, aiheuttaa häiriöitä glukoosin metaboliaan
80
Hashimoton tauti
Autoimmuunityreoidiitti, vasta-aineita kilpirauhase nkudoksia vastaan, aiheuttaa vähitellen kilpirauhasen surkastumisen
81
Keliakia
Gluteiini aiheuttaa suolitulehduksen, johtaa villusatrofiaan ja kryptahypertrofiaan ja ravinteiden imeytymisen häiriöihin, , IgA vasta-aineita transglutaminaasientsyymiä kohtaan
82
Multippeliskleroosi
Autoimmuunireaktio aivojen valkean aineen hermohaarakkeita kohtaan, CD8 T-soluja kertyy plakkeihin ja myeliinituppi vahingoittuu
83
Nivelreuma
Synovian krooninen tulehdusreaktio johta nivelkalvon paksuuntumiseen, nivelrusto tuhoutuu, myös luun eroosiota
84
Ankyloiva spondyliitti
Selkärankareuma, HLA-B27-kudostyyppiin vahva assosiaatio, oireina selkävaivat, voi vaikuttaa myös esim silmän tai sydänlihaksen vaurioita
85
APECED
AIRE-mutaation aiheuttama, endokriinisten elinten autoimmuunitauti, mm. Hypoparatyreoosi ja lisämunuaisen kuorikerroksen autoimmuunitauti
86
Crohnin tauti
Suoliston seinämän tulehdus, oireina ripuli, kuumeilu ja laihtuminen
87
Sekundaariset immuunipuutokset
Yleisimpiä immuunipuutostiloja, vaikuttaa sekä luontaiseen että opittuun immuniteettiin, voivat johtua esim ravitsemuksesta, raskaudesta, lääkityksestä, metabolisista muutoksista tai sairaudesta (HIV, syöpä)
88
Rokotetyypit (3)
1. Eläviä heikennettyjä mikrobeja sisältävät 2. Inaktivoituja mikrobeja sisältävät 3. Mikrobien rakenteita sisältävät
89
Rokoteohjelman rokotteet (9)
1. Rotavirus 2. PCV 3. Dtap 4. IPV 5. Hib 6. MPR 7. Influenssa 8. HPV 9. Vesirokko
90
Rotavirus-rokote
Rotavirusripuliin, sisältää eläviä heikennettyjä virukksia, kolme rokotuskertaa (2, 3 ja 5 kk)
91
PCV
Pneumokokkikonjugaattirokote, ehkäisee aivokalvontuhdukselta, keuhkokuumeelta, verenmykkytkseltä sekä korvatulehdukselta, sisältää pneumokokkien pintasokereita3 rokotuskertaa (3, 5 ja 12 kk)
92
Viitosrokote
DTap-IPV-Hib, kurkkumätä, jäykkäkouristus, hinkuyskä, polio ja Hib-taudit, 3 rokotuskertaa (3, 5 ja 12 kk)
93
MPR
Tuhkarokko, sikotauti, vihurirokko, 2 rokotuskertaa (12-18 kk ja 6 v)
94
HPV
Kahden papilloomaviruskannan pintaproteiineja, 11-12-vuotiaille tytöille, 2 rokotuskertaa, välissä vähintään 5 kk, ehkäisee kohdunkaulan, emättimen ja ulkosynnytinten syövän esiasteita ja syöpiä
95
Interferons
Cytokines that are induced in response to infection, IFN-alfa and IFN-beta are antiviral, IFN-gamma has other roles
96
Interleukins
Cytokines produced by leukocytes, for example IL-2 and IL-1beta
97
IL-2beta
Cytokine produced by active macrophages that has many effects including activation of vascular endothelium and lymphocytes and induction of fever
98
IL-2
Cytokine produced by activated naive T cells and essential for their proliferation and differentation, key cytokine in development of adaptive immune response
99
IFN-gamma
Cytokine produced by effector CD4 Th1 cells, CD8 T cells and NK cells, primary function is activation of macrophages
100
Langerhans cells
Phagocytic immature dendritic cells found in epidermis, in presence of infection migrate to lymph nodes where mature to antigen-presenting dendritic cells
101
Leukotrienes
Lipid mediators of inflammation that are derives from arachidonic acid, produced by macrophages
102
Macrophage
Large mononuclear phagocytic cell type important as scavenger, pathogen-recognition, antigen-presenting, and effector phagocytic cells, source of pro-inflammatory cytokines
103
Mast cell
Large granule-rich cell found in connective tissues throughout the body, involved in defences against parasites and allergic reactions
104
Natural killer (NK) cells
Large granular lymphocyte, which kills virus-infected cells and some tumor cells, important in innate immunity to viruses and other intracellular pathogens
105
Plasma cell
Terminally differentiated activatedB lymphocyte, main antibody-secreting cells, found in medulla of lymph nodes, splenic red pulp, bone marrow, and mucosal tissues

Mikro & pato I (7 decks)

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