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Dans Cards > Immunohematology Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Immunohematology Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Acquired immunity

A

Response by lymphocytes in response to antigen exposure; response is specific for the stimulating antigen.

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2
Q

Active immunization

A

Stimulation of antibody production by direct antigen contact.

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3
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of red blood cells or particulate matter resulting from the interaction of the antibody and the corresponding antigen.

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4
Q

Allele

A

One or more forms of a gene that occupies a specific locus on a chromosome.

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5
Q

Anamnestic response

A

Antibody response stimulated by secondary exposure to an antigen; the response is accentuated and a rapid rise in antibody is exhibited.

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6
Q

Antibody

A

Proteins produced in response to stimulation by an antigen and interacts with the stimulating antigen.

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7
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Chemical substance that prevents or delays the clotting (coagulation) of blood.

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8
Q

Antigen

A

Biochemical substance recognized as foreign; stimulates an immune response.

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9
Q

Atypical antibodies

A

Antibodies found either in the serum or on the cells that are unanticipated or not found under normal circumstances.

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10
Q

Autoantibodies

A

Antibodies directed against one’s own red cell antigens.

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11
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Immunity involving cellular components such as macrophages, natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and cytokines.

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12
Q

Chemical mediators

A

Substances secreted by cells that are then involved in an inflammatory response.

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13
Q

Complement

A

A series of proteins in the serum that are activated sequentially; following activation, bacterial and red cell lysis may occur.

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14
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemical mediators that stimulate tissue response to invading pathogens.

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15
Q

Decline phase

A

Phase of antibody production where the level of detectable antibody is decreasing due to catabolism.

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16
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Mature red blood cell; cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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17
Q

Flocculation

A

Soluble antigen and soluble antibody combine to “fall out” of solution in flakes.

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18
Q

Foreign

A

Recognized by the immune system as non-self.

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19
Q

Graft versus host disease (GVHD)

A

Functional immune cells received from a donor that become engrafted in the recipient; these cells then recognize the recipient as “foreign” and mount an immunologic attack.

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20
Q

Hapten

A

A small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein.

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21
Q

Hemagglutination

A

The clumping of red blood cells; used to visualize antigen-antibody reactions.

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22
Q

Hemolysis

A

Disruption of the membrane of a red blood cell; results in release of the contents into the plasma.

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23
Q

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

A

Antigens present on leukocytes and tissues. Genes that code for these antigens are part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene systems.

24
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Immune response resulting in the production of antibodies.

25
Q

Immune antibody

A

Antibody produced by direct stimulation with an antigen.

26
Q

Immunogen

A

Synonym for antigen; substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response.

27
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

Gamma globulin protein found in blood or bodily fluids and used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses.

28
Q

Immunohematology

A

Study of blood related antigens and antibodies as applied to situations in blood band and the transfusion service.

29
Q

Immunology

A

Study of components and processes of the immune system.

30
Q

Innate immunity

A

First line of defense for invading pathogens; cells and mechanisms that defend the host from invasion by other organisms; a non-specific defense.

31
Q

Lag phase

A

First phase of an immune response: the level of antibody is not detectable by testing.

32
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

33
Q

Log phase

A

Second phase of an immune response; antibody levels steadily increase in a linear fashion.

34
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Mononuclear leukocyte that mediates cellular and humoral immunity.

35
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

A group of linked genes on Chromosome 6 that determine the expression of complement proteins and leukocyte antigens.

36
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytes

A

Leukocytes involved in phagocytosis and antigen presenting; these include monocytes (circulating cells) and macrophages (fixed cells).

37
Q

Natural antibody

A

Antibody produced without known exposure to the antigen.

38
Q

Passive antibody

A

Antibody administered to an individual.

39
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of whole blood containing water, electrolytes, glucose, proteins, fats, and gases; refers also to the liquid portion of a blood sample collected with an anticoagulant.

40
Q

Plateau phase

A

Response phase where antibody production is constant and detectable at stable levels.

41
Q

Polymorphic

A

System possessing multiple allelic forms at a single locus.

42
Q

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil

A

A granulocytic white blood cell that phagocytizes invading microorganisms to provide protection to the host.

43
Q

Precipitation

A

Formation of an insoluble compound when soluble ions in separate solutions are combined. The insoluble compound settles out of solution as a solid. The solid is called a precipitate.

44
Q

Primary response

A

Antibody response following initial antigen exposure.

45
Q

Proenzyme

A

An inactive enzyme precursor; requires a chemical change to become active.

46
Q

Prozone phenomenon

A

Incomplete lattice formation with a lack of agglutination; results from antibody excess in comparison to antigen.

47
Q

Refractory

A

Resistant to ordinary treatment.

48
Q

Rouleaux

A

Coin like stacking of red cells in the presence of abnormal plasma proteins.

49
Q

(GGLO) Secondary response (anamnestic response)

A

Antibody response that follows any antigen exposure other than initial exposure.

50
Q

Serum

A

Liquid portion of the blood after coagulation.

51
Q

Solid phase adherence

A

Testing method where on component of testing is adhered (attached) to a solid phase such as a microtiter plate; the patient’s sample is added; a final assessment is made by examination of the test wells of the plate.

52
Q

T cytotoxic (Tc) Cells

A

A sub-group of lymphocytes that kill other cells.

53
Q

T helper (Tb) cells

A

A sub-group of lymphocytes that play an important role in activating and directing other immune cells.

54
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Anucleate cell fragments called platelets; these cells play a key role in blood clotting.

55
Q

Titer

A

Measurement of antibody strength by testing its reactivity with decreasing amounts of the corresponding antigen; reciprocal of the highest dilution that shows agglutination represents the titer.

56
Q

Zeta Potential

A

Difference in charge density between the inner and outer ion cloud surrounding the surface of the red blood cells in an electrolyte solution.

57
Q

Zone of equivalence

A

When both reactants are present in amounts to create optimal reaction conditions.

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