A & P Tissue CH 6

Question 1

epithelial tissue or epithelium

Answer 1

is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity. functions include protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion and sensory reception.

Question 2

epithelial polarity

Answer 2

the membranes always have one free surface called the apical surface, and typically that surface is significantly different from the basal surface.

Question 3

simple epithelia

Answer 3

consisting of one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane

Question 4

stratified epithelia

Answer 4

consisting of two or more layers of cells

Question 5

the general types of epithelial cells based on shape are

Answer 5

squamous (like a fried egg)…cuboidal (like a cube) ..or Columnar (like a column)

Question 6

stratified epithelia are named according to the cells at the apical surface of the epithelial sheet, not those resting on the basement membrane

Answer 6

fyi

Question 7

Pseudostratified epithelium

Answer 7

is a simple columnar epithelium (one layer of cells), but because its cells vary in height and the nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane, it gives the false appearance of being stratified. this epithelium is often ciliated.

Question 8

transitional epithelium

Answer 8

is a rather peculiar stratified squamous epithelium formed of rounded or plump cells with he ability to slide over one another to allow the organ to be stretched. transitional epithelium is found only in urinary system organs such as the bladder. the cells are flattened like true squamous cells when the organ is distended and rounded when the organ is empty

Question 9

endocrine glands

Answer 9

lose their surface connection (duct) as they develop this they are referred to as ductless glands. they secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid and from there the hormones enter the blood or the lymphatic vessels that weave through the glands.

Question 10

Exocrine glands

Answer 10

retain their ducts and their secretions empty through these ducts either to the body surface or into body cavities. the exocrine glands include the sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas

Question 11

simple squamous epithelium

Answer 11

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm: the simplest of the epithelia. – allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important- secretes lubricating substances in serosae—-kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. lining of ventral body cavity (serosae) —-

Question 12

simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 12

single layer of cube like cells with large spherical central nuclei. –function, secretion and absorption. location, kidney tubules, duct and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

Question 13

simple columnar epithelium

Answer 13

single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei, some cells bear cilia, layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells) – function, absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.. Location, nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands, cillated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

Question 14

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 14

single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface, nuclei seen at different levels, may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia. function- secretes substances, particularly mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action. location, nonciliated type in males sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands, ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.

Question 15

stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 15

thick membrane composed of several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active. surface cells are flattened (squamous), in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead, basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers. Function, Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. location, Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina….keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

Question 16

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Answer 16

Generally two layers of cube like cells… Function, Protection. Location, Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands and salivary glands

Question 17

stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 17

several cell layers, basal cells usually cuboidal, superficial cells elongated and columnar. function, protection, secretion. Location, rare in the body, small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

Question 18

transitional epithelium

Answer 18

resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal basal cells cuboidal or columnar, surface cells dome shaped or squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch. Function, stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine. Location, lines the ureters, urinary bladder and part of the urethra

Question 19

connective tissue

Answer 19

is found in all parts of the body as discrete structures or as part of various body organs. it is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types. they perform a variety of functions but they primarily protect, support and bind together other tissues of the body. ex: bones are composed of connective tissue.. ligaments and tendons (dense connective tissue)

Question 20

Areolar connective tissue

Answer 20

Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types, cells, fibroblasts and macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells. Function: is a soft packaging material that cushions and protects body organs. Plays an important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid. widely distributed under epithelia of body. packages organs, surrounds capillaries.

Question 21

adipose tissue (fat)

Answer 21

Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse, closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet. Function: provides insulation for the body tissues and a source of stored food, protects and supports organs. Under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs. within abdomen, in breasts.

Question 22

hematopoietic tissue

Answer 22

replenishes the bodys supply of red blood cells

Question 23

extracellular matrix

Answer 23

the nonliving material between the cells.. it distinguishes connective tissue from all other tissues. It is produced by the cells and then extruded.

Question 24

ground substance

Answer 24

is composed chiefly of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans. depending on its specific composition, the ground sugstance may be liquid, semisolid, gel like or very hard.

Question 25

collagen fibers

Answer 25

fibers that provide support (white) most abundent

Question 26

elastic fibers

Answer 26

provide support (yellow)

Question 27

connective tissue: reticular

Answer 27

Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance, reticular cells lie on the network. Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types. including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages. Location. lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen.

Question 28

connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood

Answer 28

one of 4 main types of adult connective tissue, all of which typically have large amount s of matrix.. connective tissue proper (which includes areolar, adipose, reticular and dense (fibrous) connective tissues) all derive from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme.

Question 29

embryonic connective tissue mesenchyme

Answer 29

embryonic connective tissue, gel like ground substance containing fibers, star shaped mesenchyme cells….function, gives rise to all other connective tissue types….location primarily in embryo

Question 30

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar

Answer 30

gel like matrix with all three fiber types, cells fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells…function, wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages phagocytize bacteria, plays important role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid.. location, widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g. forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries.

Question 31

Cartilage: Hyaline

Answer 31

Amorphous but firm matrix, –collagen fibers from an imperceptible network.. chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.. – function, supports and reinforces, serves as resilient cushion, resists compressive stress…. location, forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities, forms costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.

Question 32

Cartilage: Elastic

Answer 32

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic, fibers in matrix. Function, Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. Location, Supports the external ear (auricle) epiglottis

Question 33

Cartilage: Fibrocartilage

Answer 33

Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage, thick collagen fibers predominate. Function, tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock. Location, Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

Question 34

Bones (Osseous tissue)

Answer 34

Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers, osteocytes lie n lacunae. very well vascularized. Function, bone supports and protects (by enclosing), provides levers for the muscles to act on, stores calcium and other minerals and fat, marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). Location, Bones.

Question 35

Blood

Answer 35

Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma). Function, Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. Location, contained within blood vessels.

Question 36

Nervous tissue

Answer 36

Neurons are branching cells, cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body, also contributing to nervous tissue are non-excitable supporting cells. Function, Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands), supporting cells support and protect neurons. Location, Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Question 37

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 37

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells, obvious striations. Function, Voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, voluntary control. Location, in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.

Question 38

Cardiac muscle

Answer 38

Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions called intercalated discs. Function, As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control. Location, The walls of the heart.

Question 39

Smooth Muscle

Answer 39

Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei, no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets. Function, propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. Location.. Mostly in the walls of hollow organs.

Question 40

What are the four tissue types?

Answer 40

Epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

Question 40

Avascular

Answer 40

Epithelial tissues are supplied by nerves but have no blood supply of their own. Depend on diffusion of nutrients from the underlying connective tissue.

Question 41

Connective tissue proper- dense regular

Answer 41

Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Function: Attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses.

Question 42

Connective tissue proper- elastic

Answer 42

dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers. Function: allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration. walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes.

Question 43

connective tissue proper- dense irregular

Answer 43

Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Function: Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength. fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract.

Question 44

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 44

Long. cylindrical. multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression voluntary control. in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.