Immunizations Flashcards
Define passive immunity
transfer of immunity from one individual to another
Give an example of natural passive immunity
Maternal IgG transferred to fetus in utero, IgA transferred in breast milk
Give an example of a medical use of passive immunity
IVIG
maintenance of humoral immunity in patients with antibody deficiencies
prevent a specific disease pre or post exposure
List four sources of immunoglobulins
horse Ig- ex snake bite antivenom
pooled human plasma- not selected to concentrate a single antibody
specific high titer human Ig- donors are immunized then Ig is harvested
monoclonal antibody- produced in lab cell culture, ex against RSV
What are the advantages of passive immunity?
rapid onset, not dependent on intact immune system, very effective
What are some disadvantages of passive immunity?
expense, possible adverse events esp with horse Ig, short duration of protection (weeks to months)
List two features of the adaptive immune response
is protective- prevents further episodes of the disease
induces immunological memory
In immunization, production of antibody alone is not enough- the antibody must be able to______ the inciting agent.
neutralize
Describe some key features of live vaccines
retain capacity to reproduce in the host leading to prolonged immune exposure and excellent immune response- both cellular and humoral
may not require a booster
rarely cause disease in the human host or revert to virulent form
shedding of vaccine–> inadvertent but sometimes helpful transmission to others
Live attenuated vaccines may cause a full case of the disease in ________ patients and ________ women
immunocompromised
pregnant women
List examples of attenuated vaccines
varicella MMR smallpox TB (BCG) intranasal influenza vaccine rotavirus oral polio vaccine
Inactivated vaccines produce primarily a ______ immune response and usually require boosters
humoral
Give examples of inactivated vaccines
inactivated polio vaccine
whole cell pertussis
some variants of influenza vaccine
Differentiate between inactivated and purified subunit vaccines
Same characteristics but inactivated vaccines have lower adverse event rates because they contain fewer antigens
killed vaccines contain the whole organism
Give an example of a purified subunit vaccine
tetanus toxoid
may not prevent infection with the organism but help the host immune system neutralize the toxin - prevents disease manifestation
List three organisms for which polysaccharide vaccines are important
Hib
Strep pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Why are polysaccharide vaccines not used in children?
polysaccharides are poorly immunogenic for children under 2- they cannot develop antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens
What type of vaccines can be used to protect young children from encapsulated organisms
conjugate vaccines- polysaccharide capsule linked to a protein
examples- pneumococcal, Hib, meningococcal
List examples of surface antigen vaccines
HBV, some pertussis, some influenza
Why is neomycin added to some vaccines?
Preservative, prevent contamination of the batch
List three goals of vaccination
prevent disease in individual
prevent disease in population
eradicate disease
_________ is the ability of a vaccine to produce a measurable immune response in a population
Immunogenicity
measure by concentration of antibody in serum
ex: 95% of people who get two doses of polio vaccine develop antibody production
______ is the ability of a vaccine to actually prevent disease in a population
Efficacy
ex: pertussis vaccine is 85% efficacious in Italy
List five strategies to improve immunization rates
immunize early, often, at every opportunity
get it out of the clinic
school/ day care passport laws
public education/ advocacy
combined vaccines to decrease number of shots and visits
