GI viruses Flashcards

1
Q

List two groups of viruses that infect the GI tract

A

Enteroviruses- do not cause diarrhea

Viruses with the primary symptom of diarrhea

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2
Q

List the four groups that comprise the enteroviruses

A

Polioviruses
enteroviruses
coxackie viruses
echoviruses

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3
Q

Enteroviruses are shed in large numbers in the feces, are acid stable, and resist _____

A

alcohols and detergents

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4
Q

List six syndromes that are consistently present in enterovirus infection

A
Rash (all except polio)
aseptic meningitis
pericarditis/ myocarditis
paralysis
hepatitis 
colds
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5
Q

What type of virus is most stronly associated with myocarditis

A

coxackie viruses

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6
Q

A high percentage of enterovirus infections are _____ especially in children

A

asymptomatic

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7
Q

Diagnosis of enterovirus is primarily based on:

A

clinical presentation- many strains, so specific testing is limited AND there are no specific therapies so identifying the specific virus is not useful

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8
Q

True or false: there are no antivirals available for enteroviruses

A

True

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9
Q

What is the best approach to treating enteroviruses?

A
  1. start with prevention- hand hygiene, food handling
  2. vaccines for hepatitis A and polio virus
  3. mostly self limited illnesses, supportive care as necessary
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10
Q

How is polio virus transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route, replicates in gut mucosa.

Enters through Peyer’s patches and M cells in the gut

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11
Q

For all members of the enterovirus, CNS disease requires ______ and _______

A

high viral titers

persistent secondary viremias

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12
Q

What causes paralysis in polio infection?

A

Viral replication in and killing motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal column

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13
Q

Describe post-polio syndrome:

A

nervous system recovers in young people so mild paralytic damage is “masked”
as people age, they become less able to compensate for CNS damage and the original paralytic symptoms return
NOT due to return of polio virus

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14
Q

List families of viruses associated with diarrhea

A

Major: rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus

Some serotypes of adenovirus and coronavirus

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15
Q

Describe the transmission of viruses that cause diarrhea

A

transmitted by the fecal-oral route, are very stable, are acid resistant, and large amounts of
virus are shed in stools

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16
Q

True or false: shedding of virus stops as soon as diarrhea symptoms subside

A

False, continued shedding for extended periods of time

17
Q

In the US, rotavirus has a seasonal peak in the _____

A

winter

18
Q

True or false: most people are seropositive for rotavirus by age 4

A

true, 90%

19
Q

Describe the clinical syndrome of rotavirus infection

A

1-3 day incubation periods
abrupt onset of watery stools that become clear as colonic material is flushed out
fever is possible but would be mild
usually self limiting, high mortality in resource poor areas due to dehydration

20
Q

What tests exist to diagnose rotavirus infection

A

electron microscopy
ELISA antigen capture assay that uses stool samples

** no antivirals, so usually make dx based on season, pt age, clinical presentation

21
Q

What is the best strategy for preventing rotavirus infection?

A

Live attenuated vaccine

Safe food and water supplies

22
Q

Describe the epidemiology of norovirus

A

No seasonality
extremely contagious- outbreaks in schools, institutional settings, cruise ships high rates of infection in household contacts
thought to be the cause of 30% of gastroenteritis in older children and adults

23
Q

Describe the clinical syndrome of norovirus

A

Abrupt onset of diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps

Self limiting, resolves within 24-48 hours

24
Q

Describe the transmission of norovirus

A

fecal-oral route, via contaminated food or water

25
Q

How is diagnosis of norovirus made?

A

Clinical presentation
Public health my follow local outbreaks

No culture, possible but not practical to do electron microscopy, RT-PCR
- no antivirals so therapeutic focus is on avoiding dehydration

26
Q

Describe the epidemiology of astroviruses

A

Common cause of viral gastroenteritis

75% of children 4 years old are seropositive

27
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of astrovirus

A

3-4 day incubation then diarrhea, nausea, headache, malaise for 2-4 days.
Vomiting can occur but not as common as in norovirus
Fever is not common

28
Q

How is diagnosis of astrovirus made?

A

Symptoms and age of patient
No culture, possible to do electron microscopy on stool but not practical
NO vaccines or antivirals

29
Q

What is the best way to prevent astrovirus infection?

A

hand washing, good hygiene, proper food handling and preparation procedures,
and clean water supplies.

30
Q

Describe symptoms seen in adenovirus gastroenteritis

A

Short incubation period

Acute onset of diarrhea, nausea, occasionally vomiting, possible low grade fever

31
Q

What strains of adenovirus cause GI illness?

A

40,41, 38

32
Q

Gastroenteritis caused by coronavirus is most commonly seen in ________

A

children, under 1 yr of age

33
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of coronavirus

A

Gastroenteritis is diarrhea that has occult blood, is less water and more mucoid

coronavirus also causes colds, SARS

34
Q

Of all the viruses that cause diarrhea there is a vaccine for only one:

A

rotavirus

35
Q

Describe current thinking on why enterovirus does not cause diarrhea but other gastroenteric viruses do

A

Structural protein of rotavirus acts similarly to cholera toxin, there is a capsid protein on astrovirus that is a toxin that disrupts actin filaments, coronavirus causes inflammation that leads to the occult blood and mucus in the stool

thought that other enteric viruses might have toxic activity