immunizations Flashcards
- one of the greatest public health achievements of modern times
- saved more lives than any other medical invention in history
Immunizations
In the US, every infant requires more than __ doses of vaccines by age 18 mo to be protected against 14 or more childhood diseases.
If parents accept combo vaccines- it can be ___ injections from birth to 4.
25
18
Childhood immunization standards and recommendations in the US are formulated by the:
- Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (ACIP)
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)
2 main types of immunizations
Active & passive
induces immunity by vaccination with a vaccine or toxoid (inactivated toxin)
which type of immunization?
active
includes transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies and administration of antibody, either as immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibody
which type of immunization
passive
6 types of active vaccines
- Live Attenuated (Living )
- Inactivated or Killed Viruses
- Recombinant
- Reassortant
- Immunogenic Components of Bacteria
- Toxoids
- Vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, although it is still a viable vaccine.
- replicate in the body after given
- induce immunity through a single dose
- susceptible to vaccine failure caused by circulating antibodies, including residual maternal antibodies in infants
which type of vaccination
Live attenuated (LAV)
7 LAV examples
- Measles (MMR)
- Mumps
- Rubella
- Varicella (chickenpox)
- Intranasal Influenza (Flumist)
- Rotavirus ( oral vaccine )
- OPV- Oral Polio Virus
- Administration of blood products and immunoglobulin can diminish response to what vaccination if administered before the recommended interval (generally 3 months)
- May inhibit the immune response
LIVE virus vaccines
- Live vaccines not administered simultaneously should be separated by at least ____ (ex: MMR and Varicella)
- reduce theoretical risk of interference from first vaccine on the subsequent vaccine
4 weeks
LAV are rarely used in who? (4)
immunocompromised patients, elderly, infants and pregnancy
Consists of virus particles which are grown in culture and then killed using a method such as heat, radiation or chemicals (formaldehyde)
what type of vaccination?
Examples? (3)
Inactivated or Killed Vaccines:
Polio, Hep A, Flu
Engineered viruses or bacteria into which harmless DNA encoded antigen is inserted and stimulates an immune response
what type of vaccination?
examples? (2)
Recombinant Vaccines
- Hepatitis B
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Human-Bovine reassortant:
A vaccine made by combining antigens from several strains of the same virus
Considered live as well
what type of vaccination?
examples?
Reassortant Vaccines
Rotavirus (Rotateq) - oral vaccine
The use of bacterial surface components used to obtain immunity.
Protein polysaccharide conjugate
what type of vaccination?
Immunogenic Components of Bacteria
4 examples of Immunogenic Components of Bacteria vaccinations
- Pertussis
- Haemophilus Influenzae B (HIB)
- Meningococcal conjugate
- Pneumococcal conjugate
Bacterial toxin (usually an exotoxin) whose toxicity has been inactivated or suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat
what type of vaccination?
2 examples?
Toxoids
Diphtheria
Tetanus
how are most immunizations administered?
- intramuscular (IM) or a subcutaneous
- A few are oral
preferred sites to administer a vaccine?
- anterolateral thigh in infants up to age 3-4
- Deltoid region in children and adults 5 to 18 years old
T/F: Multiple vaccines can be administered simultaneously at anatomically separate sites (different limbs or separated by >1 inch) without diminishing the immune response.
T
oral vaccinations? (2)
- OPV
- Rotavirus
Intramusclar vaccines (5)
- DTwP, DTaP, DT, Td, TT
- Hep B
- IPV
- Hib
- PCV-7
SC vaccines (2)
- measules
- yellow fever