immunity pt 2

Question 1

cell mediated immunity

Answer 1

T-lymphocytes - start in pone marrow, mature in thymus

activated with Ag –> sensitized T cell

Question 2

activated T cell roles

Answer 2

production of lympohkines
cytotoxic T cells
T helper  cells
T suppressor cells
T memory cells

Question 3

CD4 T - cells

Answer 3

75% of all T cells

secrete lymphkines

Question 4

lymphokines - MIF

Answer 4

migration inhibitory factor

inhibits microphages from leaving

Question 5

lymphokines - MCF

Answer 5

macrophage chemotactic factor

attracts macrophages to site of Ag

Question 6

lymphokines - BF

Answer 6

blastogenic factor

induces proliferation of more specific T cells and B cells

Question 7

lymphokines - interferon

Answer 7

antiviral agent

interferes w/ viral replication

Question 8

suppressor or regulator T cells

Answer 8

suppress activation of the immune system and prevent pathological self reactivity or autoimmune diease

Question 9

cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

Answer 9

helps other T cells recognize and destroy virally infected cells

Question 10

T memory cells

Answer 10

repsond to second exposure of the same Ag must chaster as a rule

Question 11

cell mediate immunity involved in

Answer 11

viral infections
fungal infections
some bacterial infections
delayed hypersensititivies 
graft rejection
cancer suveillance

Question 12

HI review

Answer 12

directly from bone marrow
larger cells
shorter life span (days)
non circulating

Question 13

CMI review

Answer 13

starts in bone marrow - mature in thymus
small cells
longer life span (weeks)
circulating cells

Question 14

innate states of immunity

Answer 14

physiological

anatomical

Question 15

acquired states of immunity

Answer 15

artificial
natural
active
passive

Question 16

active acquired immunity

Answer 16

protection acquired by introduction of an Ag

intended to last a lifetime BUT some mutate too quickly for vaccine to keep up (flu)

Question 17

passive acquired immunity - naturally

Answer 17

Ab transplacentally or through colostrum and breast milk

Question 18

passive acquired immunity - artificially

Answer 18

Ab or sensitized lymphocytes produced by one person are transferred to another
usually short duration - until Ab are degrated

Question 19

two phases in generation of an immune reponse

Answer 19

primary and secondary

Question 20

primary response

Answer 20

when Ag is first encountered
slow
weak response allows invader enough time to cause illness

IgM first to be produced

Question 21

secondary response

Answer 21

the next time the antigen is encountered

quicker and stronger each time
memory B cells recognize antigen and all begin to divide quickly
lots of plasma cells - esp IgG

Question 22

immune response will end when

Answer 22

the antigen that caused it is no longer present.

Question 23

aging and immune system

Answer 23

immune fx declines w/ increasing age
changes are observed in both innate and acquired immunity defenses
end result is reduced resistance to pathogens and increased incidence of tumors and autoimmune disorders

Question 24

iatrogenic

Answer 24

medical disorder caused by diagnosis manner or treatment of a physician

urinary catheters, nasogastric tubes, chest tubes, external fixations devices, implanted prostheses

Question 25

exercise

Answer 25

can suppress immune function depending on intensity, activity or exercise moderate exercise can enhance the immune system strenuous/long duration ex followed by impairment of the immune system

Question 26

mild respiratory infections

Answer 26

don't need to restrict training/competition but many report increase in symptoms after stenuous training and a decline in symptoms after moderated training

Question 27

AIDS

Answer 27

HIV 1 and 2 characterized by progressive destruction of Cmi changes in HI leaves infected person susceptible to opportunistic infections

Question 28

HIV infection spectrum

Answer 28

1. asymptomatic HIV seropositive - State I 2. early symptomatic HIV - stage II 3. HIV advanced disease (AIDS) - stage III

Question 29

does everyone who is exposed to HIV develop AIDS?

Answer 29

no

Question 30

AIDS pathogenesis

Answer 30

infection by HIV retrovirus (only detectable by lab tests) infects human T4 (destroys or inactivates them). Macrophages and B cells are also infected. CD4 cells have receptors allowing direct passage of infection to target cells. viral genome eventually becomes integrated into host DNA and duplicated --> cell death.

Question 31

seroconversion (HIV +)

Answer 31

usually takes place during first 3-6 weeks of viral replication but can take longer after a few months, very little HIV virus is found - only HIB Ab remain in serum

Question 32

asymptomatic HIV seropositive (Stage I)

Answer 32

CD4 > 500 cells / mL demonstrates lab evidence of seroconversion but remains asymptomatic clinically healthy; normal activities, work habits and unrestricted level and duration of exercise

Question 33

early symptomatic HIV (stage II)

Answer 33

CD4 count 200-500 cells / m: immune system more compomised variedy of symptoms - diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, fevers more than half of the adults w/ HIV report fatigue that limits physical and recreation activities (half unable to attend school/work)

Question 34

HIV advanced disease (Stage III)

Answer 34

CD4 < 200 cells/mL neuro manifestations are many and can involve central, peripheral, autonomic NS HIV or AIDS encephalophaty primary infection of brain more advanced: severe dementia, mutism, incontinence, paraplegia may occur dermatological conditions - malignancies, bacterial, viral, fungal

Question 35

AIDs pain syndromes

Answer 35

1. pain directly related to HIV infection or immunosuppression 2. pain caused by HIV diagnostic procedures and tx 3. pain unrelated to AIDS or its tx

Question 36

AIDS and rehab

Answer 36

should be like a chronic illness on a continuum physical fitness and strength training, ADL's pain management, posture, gait, balance; be aware of seizures and cognitive deficits advanced stages will find CP complications; muscles and joint mobe tenchinqiues and breathing exercises

Question 37

HIV and exercise

Answer 37

exercise does not exacerbate the progression of HIV and may slow it moderate aerobic exercise can increase helper T cell and NK cell counts no limitations in individuals in Stage I

Question 38

exercise and HIV Stage II and III

Answer 38

will require more individualized exercises prescriptions and lower intensities Stage III strenuous exercise not reocommended

Question 39

Chronic fatigue syndrome

Answer 39

unexplained fatigue > 6 months initially flu like: sore throat, fever, muscle pain, etc progresses: muscle pain and forgetfulness increase as well as prolonged and overwhelming fatigue] cyclical pattern of remission and relapse

Question 40

CFS medical management

Answer 40

no physical signs or dx lab test to ID no known cure tx aimed at symptom relief and improved function

Question 41

FCS and exercise

Answer 41

reduced stress diet, prevent overexertion. MODERATE EXERICSE monitor vitals

Question 42

autoimmune disease

Answer 42

conditions which cause the immune system to turn on itself and become destructive failure to distinguish from self and non self systemic or just a single organ

Question 43

organ specific autoimmune disorders

Answer 43

``` addison's disease crohn's disease chronic active hepatities DM grave's disease hasimoto's diease ```

Question 44

systemic autoimmune disorders

Answer 44

``` ankylosis spondylitis MS myasthenia gravis RA systemic lupus arythematosus ```

Question 45

fibromyalgia syndrome

Answer 45

falls under rheumatology and commonly associated with other conditions trigged by emotional stress, viral infection, or trauma. pain is main issue

Question 46

FMS and exercise

Answer 46

lifestyle, ADLS and monitoring of vital CV fitness training, flexibility exercises, and strength training can improve symptoms acute: aquatic therapy avoid overexertion