immune system pt 1 Flashcards
initiate immunity
nonspecific
non adaptive
acquired immunity
specific - recognizes and destroys foreign substances
memory - when same organism is encountered again, body will respond quicker and stronger
immunology
study of mechanism that allows the body to recognize materials as foreign and to neutralize/eliminate them
major histocompotbility complex proteins
surface markers on your own body’s cells that are unique to you like your fingerprints –> self tolerance
now called human leukocytic antigens HLA
antigen
any foreign substance that can cause an immune repsonse
epitope
subunits of AG surfaces that can illicit an immune repsonse
antibody
“Y” shaped protein molecules that can bind to a specific Ag and disable them
immunoglobulin
antibodies of a particular type
starting an immune response
carefully orchestrated and controlled interaction b/n immune cells w/ the ultimate goal to eliminate the invader by pathogenic specific mechanism
immune cells develop
in primary organs (bone marrow and thymus)
immune response occur
secondary organs
thymus
glandular organ near heart where T cells learn their jobs
bone marrow
blood producing tissue located inside certain bones
blood stem cells give rise to all of the different types of blood cells
spleet
serves as a filter for the blood
removes old and damaged RBC
removes infectious agents and uses them to activate cells called lympocytes
lymph nodes
small organs that filter out dead cells, antigens, and other stuff to present to lympocytes
lymphatic vessels
collect fluid that has leaked out from the blog into tissues and returns it to circulation
physical barriers
skin (first and best)
hair
mucous
chemical barriers
sweat tears saliva stomach acid urine
inflammatory response
chemical and cell respond to injury or localized infection
eliminates the source of infection
promotes wound healing
innate - inflammatory response step 1
circulation to the site increases - tissue warm, red and swollen
innate - inflammatory response step 2
WBCs leak into tissue-phagocytes engulf and destroy bacteria
release of histamine and prostaglandin cause
local vessel dilation –>
more WBCs to site
increased blood flow
increased capillary permeability
phagocytes move out of vessels into intracellular fluid
edema due to fluids seeping from cpaillaries
positive effect of fever
indicate rx to infection
stimulate phagocytosis
slow bacterial growth
increased body temp beyond tolerance of some bacteria
negative effect of fever
extreme heat - enzyme denaturation and interruption of normal biochecm rex
>39C (103F) is dangerous
>41 C (105F) could be fatal and requires med attention
acquired immunity systems
humoral immune
cell-mediate immune
overlap and interact, failure of one will alter effectiveness of other - more complex than innate b/c certain cells present to certain Ag
humoral immune system
mediated by B cells
specific receptors - on B cell surface specific for only one type of AG
B cells produce
Plasma cell - ultimately secrete AB
memory cells - respond to second exposure of same AG
HI - Ab/Ig properties
specific protein molecules secreted by stimulated plasma cells
circulate freely in body fluids
effectively bind w/ invading antigens to form Ag-Ab complexes
opsonization (Role of Ag-Ab complexes)
bio amplification
incorporating the Ag into larger complex making them more obvious
complement (C’) (Role of Ag-Ab complexes)
binds the Ag-Ab complex to lyses Ag
neutralization (Role of Ag-Ab complexes)
some Ag’s are neutralized merely by binding w/ Ab
Roles of Ag-Ab complexes
- opsonization
- complement
- neutralization
Hi classes of IG
IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD
IgG
major antibacterial and antiviral
predominant Ig in blood
responsible for the protection of the newborn during first 6 months of life
major Ig synthesis during 2nd immune response –> long term/permanent immunity
only Ig to cross placenta
IgG
IgM
produced first in immune response largest Ig
Ig produced first in immune repsonse
IgM
IgA
defend external body surfaces
found in high conc in areas w/ high mucous membranes
found in secretions
found in respiratory, GI and genitourinary secretions
IgE
fx during allergic rx by activating mast cells and releasing histamine
response is normal reaction but become excessive in those w/ allergies
primary factor in eliminating parasitic infections
IgD
found on b-cell sufaces
mainly an Ag receptor
may fx in controlling lymphocyte activation or suppression
HI involved in
- bacterial infections
- some viral infections
- allergies
- anaphylactic shock
- cancer surveillance
