immunity - pack 6 Flashcards
active natural immunity
An individual mounts a specific primary immune response after naturally contracting a pathogen and creates antibodies and memory cells (long term protection). Example: A child is exposed to the chicken pox virus for the first time.
passive natural immunity
Antibodies from one individual are passed to a second individual in a natural process. (short term protection)
Example: Antibodies have passed from mother to baby via the placenta or breast milk.
passive artificial immunity
Antibodies from one individual are passed to another individual via an injection to provide immediate protection. (short term protection) Example: Antibodies are injected into an individual infected with Ebola after being removed from another person who has survived and created them in a primary immune response to Ebola.
active artificial immunity
A form of the pathogen is injected into the individual who then mounts a specific primary immune response to create antibodies and memory cells (long term protection). Example: An attenuated form of the measles virus is injected.
what must a vaccine contain
one or more antigens that are also found on the pathogen or the toxin
attenuated virus vaccination
Weakened viruses that are harmless (non-pathogenic) and less virulent. They will reproduce very slowly but not result in symptoms in the host
killed bacteria vaccination
The bacteria have been killed by chemicals, heat or radiation
harmless toxin vaccination
Inactivated toxic compound that causes the illness rather than the microorganism that produces it
antigen- bearing fragment vaccination
A newer form of vaccine. It can consist of a surface protein of the microorganism i.e. glycoprotein or capsid fragment
what is ‘herd immunity’
When enough people in a population are successfully vaccinated and immunised, the pathogen is less likely to be transferred from one person to another. This reduces the incidence of the disease in the community and protects those not able to be vaccinated.
