Immunity Disorders Flashcards
hypersensitivity falls under which hypersensitivity
primary immunodeficiency
how many hypersensitivity types
4
what are the general descriptions of the hypersensitivity types
Type 1- immediate
Type 2- antibdy mediated
type 3- immune complex mediated
type 4- T Cell mediated
What are the severity levels of immediate hypersensitivity
Atopy
Anaphylaxis
what are causes of type 1 atopy
Genetic favoring of IgE
Increased reactivity of mast cells
increased susceptibility of target tissue to allergic mediators
what are the 2 types of anaphylaxis
cutaneous
systematic
how does anaphylaxis and atopy compare
anaphylaxis response is stronger and chemical concentration is higher
Immediate hypersensitivity mechanisms
sensitization and provocation
what cells does Type I use to sensitize and provoke
mast cells
basophils
how does mast cells and basophils provoke and sensitize the immune system
the cells bind to IgE and degranulate and triggers the release of inflammatory cytokines from cytoplasmic granules
What are the chemical mediators produced by basophils and mast cells
histamines serotonin Leukotrienes prostaglandins bradykinins platelet- activating factor
effects of histamines
constricts smooth bronchi and smooth intestinal muscles
relaxes smooth vascular muscles and Dilates arterioles and venules
stimulates eosinophils
What does Histamines constrict
smooth bronchi muscles and smooth intestinal muscles
the effect of histamines on smooth bronchi muscles results in what body reaction
laboured breath
the effect of histamines on smooth intestinal muscles results in what body reaction
increased intestinal motility
What does Histamines relax?
Vascular smooth muscles
Dilates arterioles and venules
the effect of histamines on arterioles and venules results in what body reaction
wheal and flare reactions
What does Histamines stimulate?
Eosinophils
the effect of histamines on eosionphils results in what body reaction
release of inflammatory cytokines
what does the affect of inflammatory cytokines on the body
it escalates symptoms
Effects of Bradykinins
prolonged smooth muscle contraction
Dilation of peripherals
increased capillary permeability
increased mucous secretion
effects of prostaglandins
vasodilation
increased vascular permeability
increased pain sensitivity
bronchoconstriction
Effects of Leukotrienes on asthmatic patients
mucous secretions
prolonged bronchospasms
Vascular permeability
Effect of Leukotriene on the body
gradual contraction of the smooth muscle
chemical mediator that is the most profuse and fastest acting allergic mediator
Histamines
slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
Leukotrienes
Complements histamines and bradykinins
Serotonin
powerful inflammatory agents
prostaglandins
Hypersensitivity Type II is
antibody mediated
Describe Antibody mediated hypersensitivity
a complex group of syndromes that involve complement assisted destruction of foreign cells by antibodies
Types of antibody mediated hypersensitivity events/causatives
transfusions
types of autoimmunity
what does the Rh factor mean for blood types
It determines if the blood is positive or negative
Rh factor antibody development is the result of
placental sensitization
what causes placental sensitization?
Rh incompatibility between the mother and the fetus
what can Rh incompatibility cause in fetuses
hemolytic disease in fetuses
Is the first fetus usually in danger of acquiring Hemolytic disease?
No, the first fetus is the sensitizing dose
What is the process with which fetus acquire hemolytic disease
Rh- mothers that have had Rh+ pregnancies develop antibodies against the fetal blood type bc they are incompatible. When the Rh- mother becomes pregnant with another Rh+ fetus the anitbodies cross the placenta and attack the fetus’ blood causeing it to be hemolytic
how does the anitbodies cause hemolysis
they trigger complement mediated lysis
what medication is taken by mothers to prevent fetal hemolytic disease
RhoGAM
How does RhoGAM work
it binds, inactivates, and removes Rh+ antibodies
What is Hypersensitivity Type 3 called
Immune Complex-mediated
Immune Complex-mediated
antigens that interacted with antibodies and produced free-floating complexes that can distribute to other tissues and cause disease, or immune complex reactions
Type 3 process
Sensitizing dose
secondary exposure
Antigens reacts with antibodies
Complexes result in inflammatory response
Types of Immune Complex-mediated
Anaphylaxis
Arthus Reaction
Serum Sickness
Description and effects of Arthus Reaction
Localized reaction, due to destruction of tissue in and arounf blood vessels and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils
Process and effects of Arthus Reaction
Systematic reaction
immune complexes enter circulation and are carried and then deposited into the blood vessels
T/F - type 3 involves antbodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces
False
that is type 2
Type three ivolves soluble antigens or free- floating antigens
How does complexes result in complement
antibodies bind to small antigens (less immunogenic) which are less attractive to macrophages so they exist in the blood long enough to enter the basement membrane layer of blood vessels where they trigger complement
Does Anaphylaxis and Arthus Reaction and Serum use the same Ig markers
no
What markers does Anaphylaxis uses
IgE
What markers does Arthus reaction and Serum Sickness use
IgG, IgM, and IgA
Which type of Type 3 requires a large sensitizing dose size and has a delayed onset of symptoms
Arthus Reaction and Serum Sickness
Describe Anaphylaxis sensitizing dose and symptom onset
Small sensitizing dose
Immediate symptoms onset
What is Type 4 hypersensitivity called
T- Cell mediated
How does Type 4 differ from the others
Uses T Cells instead of B Cells and antibodies
what does type 4 do
respond to antigens on self and transplant foreign cells
what are the types of transplant rejection
Host V Graft
Graft V Host
What is the process of Host V Graft rejection
Cytotoxic T Cells dont recognize MHC I markers on graft
C T Cells release interleukin 2
Antigen Specific helpers bind to graft and secrete lymphokines
rejection process begins
What are the results of Host V Graft
destruction of vascular supply
Death of the graft
In Graft V Host Disease which type of tissue is most likely to reject the host
Bone Marrow
Why is graft v Host so dangerous
It can attack any cells bearing foreign markers meaning that all of self could be attacked
What type of hypersensitivity are allergies
Type I
What causes allergies
mast cell derived allergic mediators on target tissues
Secondary Immunodeficiency disease triggers
Infection
Chemotherapy
radiation
Organic disease
