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MicroBio Immunity > Immunity Disorders > Flashcards

Immunity Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

hypersensitivity falls under which hypersensitivity

A

primary immunodeficiency

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2
Q

how many hypersensitivity types

A

4

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3
Q

what are the general descriptions of the hypersensitivity types

A

Type 1- immediate
Type 2- antibdy mediated
type 3- immune complex mediated
type 4- T Cell mediated

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4
Q

What are the severity levels of immediate hypersensitivity

A

Atopy

Anaphylaxis

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5
Q

what are causes of type 1 atopy

A

Genetic favoring of IgE
Increased reactivity of mast cells
increased susceptibility of target tissue to allergic mediators

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of anaphylaxis

A

cutaneous

systematic

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7
Q

how does anaphylaxis and atopy compare

A

anaphylaxis response is stronger and chemical concentration is higher

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8
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity mechanisms

A

sensitization and provocation

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9
Q

what cells does Type I use to sensitize and provoke

A

mast cells

basophils

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10
Q

how does mast cells and basophils provoke and sensitize the immune system

A

the cells bind to IgE and degranulate and triggers the release of inflammatory cytokines from cytoplasmic granules

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11
Q

What are the chemical mediators produced by basophils and mast cells

A 
histamines
serotonin
Leukotrienes
prostaglandins
bradykinins
platelet- activating factor
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12
Q

effects of histamines

A

constricts smooth bronchi and smooth intestinal muscles

relaxes smooth vascular muscles and Dilates arterioles and venules

stimulates eosinophils

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13
Q

What does Histamines constrict

A

smooth bronchi muscles and smooth intestinal muscles

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14
Q

the effect of histamines on smooth bronchi muscles results in what body reaction

A

laboured breath

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15
Q

the effect of histamines on smooth intestinal muscles results in what body reaction

A

increased intestinal motility

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16
Q

What does Histamines relax?

A

Vascular smooth muscles

Dilates arterioles and venules

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17
Q

the effect of histamines on arterioles and venules results in what body reaction

A

wheal and flare reactions

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18
Q

What does Histamines stimulate?

A

Eosinophils

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19
Q

the effect of histamines on eosionphils results in what body reaction

A

release of inflammatory cytokines

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20
Q

what does the affect of inflammatory cytokines on the body

A

it escalates symptoms

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21
Q

Effects of Bradykinins

A

prolonged smooth muscle contraction
Dilation of peripherals
increased capillary permeability
increased mucous secretion

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22
Q

effects of prostaglandins

A

vasodilation
increased vascular permeability
increased pain sensitivity
bronchoconstriction

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23
Q

Effects of Leukotrienes on asthmatic patients

A

mucous secretions
prolonged bronchospasms
Vascular permeability

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24
Q

Effect of Leukotriene on the body

A

gradual contraction of the smooth muscle

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25
Q

chemical mediator that is the most profuse and fastest acting allergic mediator

A

Histamines

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26
Q

slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

A

Leukotrienes

27
Q

Complements histamines and bradykinins

A

Serotonin

28
Q

powerful inflammatory agents

A

prostaglandins

29
Q

Hypersensitivity Type II is

A

antibody mediated

30
Q

Describe Antibody mediated hypersensitivity

A

a complex group of syndromes that involve complement assisted destruction of foreign cells by antibodies

31
Q

Types of antibody mediated hypersensitivity events/causatives

A

transfusions

types of autoimmunity

32
Q

what does the Rh factor mean for blood types

A

It determines if the blood is positive or negative

33
Q

Rh factor antibody development is the result of

A

placental sensitization

34
Q

what causes placental sensitization?

A

Rh incompatibility between the mother and the fetus

35
Q

what can Rh incompatibility cause in fetuses

A

hemolytic disease in fetuses

36
Q

Is the first fetus usually in danger of acquiring Hemolytic disease?

A

No, the first fetus is the sensitizing dose

37
Q

What is the process with which fetus acquire hemolytic disease

A

Rh- mothers that have had Rh+ pregnancies develop antibodies against the fetal blood type bc they are incompatible. When the Rh- mother becomes pregnant with another Rh+ fetus the anitbodies cross the placenta and attack the fetus’ blood causeing it to be hemolytic

38
Q

how does the anitbodies cause hemolysis

A

they trigger complement mediated lysis

39
Q

what medication is taken by mothers to prevent fetal hemolytic disease

A

RhoGAM

40
Q

How does RhoGAM work

A

it binds, inactivates, and removes Rh+ antibodies

41
Q

What is Hypersensitivity Type 3 called

A

Immune Complex-mediated

42
Q

Immune Complex-mediated

A

antigens that interacted with antibodies and produced free-floating complexes that can distribute to other tissues and cause disease, or immune complex reactions

43
Q

Type 3 process

A

Sensitizing dose
secondary exposure
Antigens reacts with antibodies
Complexes result in inflammatory response

44
Q

Types of Immune Complex-mediated

A

Anaphylaxis
Arthus Reaction
Serum Sickness

45
Q

Description and effects of Arthus Reaction

A

Localized reaction, due to destruction of tissue in and arounf blood vessels and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils

46
Q

Process and effects of Arthus Reaction

A

Systematic reaction

immune complexes enter circulation and are carried and then deposited into the blood vessels

47
Q

T/F - type 3 involves antbodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces

A

False
that is type 2

Type three ivolves soluble antigens or free- floating antigens

48
Q

How does complexes result in complement

A

antibodies bind to small antigens (less immunogenic) which are less attractive to macrophages so they exist in the blood long enough to enter the basement membrane layer of blood vessels where they trigger complement

49
Q

Does Anaphylaxis and Arthus Reaction and Serum use the same Ig markers

A

no

50
Q

What markers does Anaphylaxis uses

A

IgE

51
Q

What markers does Arthus reaction and Serum Sickness use

A

IgG, IgM, and IgA

52
Q

Which type of Type 3 requires a large sensitizing dose size and has a delayed onset of symptoms

A

Arthus Reaction and Serum Sickness

53
Q

Describe Anaphylaxis sensitizing dose and symptom onset

A

Small sensitizing dose

Immediate symptoms onset

54
Q

What is Type 4 hypersensitivity called

A

T- Cell mediated

55
Q

How does Type 4 differ from the others

A

Uses T Cells instead of B Cells and antibodies

56
Q

what does type 4 do

A

respond to antigens on self and transplant foreign cells

57
Q

what are the types of transplant rejection

A

Host V Graft

Graft V Host

58
Q

What is the process of Host V Graft rejection

A

Cytotoxic T Cells dont recognize MHC I markers on graft
C T Cells release interleukin 2
Antigen Specific helpers bind to graft and secrete lymphokines
rejection process begins

59
Q

What are the results of Host V Graft

A

destruction of vascular supply

Death of the graft

60
Q

In Graft V Host Disease which type of tissue is most likely to reject the host

A

Bone Marrow

61
Q

Why is graft v Host so dangerous

A

It can attack any cells bearing foreign markers meaning that all of self could be attacked

62
Q

What type of hypersensitivity are allergies

A

Type I

63
Q

What causes allergies

A

mast cell derived allergic mediators on target tissues

64
Q

Secondary Immunodeficiency disease triggers

A

Infection
Chemotherapy
radiation
Organic disease

MicroBio Immunity (5 decks)

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