immunity chapter Flashcards
Collective mechanisms against disease
Immunology
Types of immunity
Innate and adaptive
We are born with this type of immunity
innate
We acquire this type of immunity
adaptive
Skin, phagocytes, saliva, tears, stomach acid, sweat and NK cells are a part of which type of immunity
innate
Lymphotcytes, B and T cells are a part of which immunity?
Adaptive. Remember our B cells gain memory of antigens
Primary lymph organs include what?
Thymus and bone marrow
T cells mature in what organ?
THymus
B cells originate in what organ?>
bone marrow
Lymph nodes are from which system?
Lymp
Does the Appendix have immune function?
Yes..ENTER WHAT
T or F: Stem cels can become anything
True
B cell, T cell and NK cells are lymphocytes or granulocytes?
Lymphocytes
B Cells generate what?
Plasma cell and Memory cell
Where will antibodies originate?
along the b cell line
T cells mature in the thymus. There are two kinds that work together like surveillance and defense. What are they?
Th (helper) and Tc (cytotoxic)
This cell helps figure out where the foreign invaders are and activates another to kill?
Th
Who executes the invaders?
Tc
What is a neutrophil?
Phagocyte that targets bacteria
dendritic, macrophage and neutrophil have what in common?
Phagocytosis
Eosinophils and basophils …..ENTER MORE
ENTER MORE
What does lysozyme do?
knocks out bacterial cell wall
Lactoferin pulls what from microbes?
iron
What is a commensal?
natural flora; help fight bad guys
How does mucus help fight against microbes?
It traps microbes and cilia sweeps it out
How does the skin protect from microbes?
acidic from fatty acids and commensals out compete
Stomach acid…
kills them
THe pH change from stomach to intestine is? how does it help our defenses?
basic. the change makes it hard for bacteria to endure
Urinary tract
flushes
What are three types of phagocytes?
Neutrophils, dendritic and macrophage
Inflammation is a general defense. what are the signs?
Calor = heat Dolor = pain Rubor = redness Tumor = swelling
Explain the steps from skin to bursting of abscess
- scrape skin/skin injury
- bacteria enter skin - firs macrophage and neutrophil appear (CAPILLARY OPENS..INFLAMMATION)
- fibrin wall is built around leukocytes, creating abscess,
- abscess bursts (pus explodes)
Is fever a good or a bad thing? why?
Moderate is good…speeds up immune cell activity and makes the environment bad for bacteria.
What do natural killers do?
look for any cell that is not a part of us (without the MHC1 flag). Self cell is like a hall pass.. without it, GONE!
What is a complement?
No it is not when you say nice things… it is a way to poke holes in invaders.
A cell that is cancerous or has been invaded is a part of our self. Why does the immune system attack it?
The cell can no longer wave the MHC1 flag.
How does NK kill it?
Apoptosis (cell destruction).
releases chemicals onto it. it is not a phagocytic cell
Complement is a part of what system?
blood system
How is the complement activated?
Classical –> antigen/antibody complex–> complement cascade
or
Alternative Pathway–>pathogen service–> C3
________ recognizes the pathogen’s surface or an antibody attaches to activate it.
Once activated, it starts a cascade of reactions called complement cascade
C3
Once C3 is activates (starts the whole thing), it causes a complement cascade. Once C5, C6-C9 also get activated, its called a _ _ _?
MAC
MAC attacks (pokes hole in) what part of enveloped viruses and gram negative bacteria?
Membranes…gram negative and enveloped viruses
T or F: The MAC forms a pseudolayer and pokes a hole.
True
Humoral immune responses include
b cells and antibodies
Cell mediated immune responses include
helper t cells - the main dude
How do you tell Th vs Tc?
CD4 receptor for H, CD8 is Tc
T or F: Antigen is anything that elicits a response (bacteria, flagella, pili, etc.).
True
What is antigen presentation?
Step three:
- Macrophage eats the antigen.
2. Give to the lysome to try to kill the antigen - Lysosome breaks it up and sends it out for presentation to the T Cell
T cell receptor binds to MHC1 and identifies the invader. What happens next?
Helper T Cell now know there is an invader and is activated
Activation of T Helper cells leads to stimulation of what? formation of what?
Stimulates Tc cells and B cell antibodies. Forms memory t helper cells
The cytotoxic t cell only works to killl a virus infected cell if what?
activated by t helper cell.
Who is the executioner of virus infected cell?
Tc
When B cells are activated what is formed?
IG = immunoglobulin, antibody protein.
What does neutralization by an antibody mean?
antibody Binds to the toxin or virus and stops it from working
What does opsonization mean?
antibody binds to pathogen and allows phagocytes to come and sweep the whole thing up and out.
What shape are antibodies?
Y shape
T or F: The Y part of the antibody binds to antigens.
True
The non Y part of antibody binds to what?
Phagocyte
Antibodies are T or B cells?
B
Remember: helper t cells stimulate B cells produces antibodies.
Don’t forget it!
A second attack by a disease such as measles occurs but you never see symptoms. WHy?
Immune memory; antibodies respond before symptoms appear.
Check the concept map in powerpoint
overview of adaptive immunity
Below how many T cells turns HIV to AIDS?
200
How does HIV/AIDS cause such a problem in regard to opportunistic illness?
Depletion of T cells
Acquired Natural immunity can be active or passive. What is an example of passive?
Antibodies are passed to fetus through the placenta or in colostrum
Acquired Natural immunity can be active or passive. What is an example of active?
Antibodies or activated lymphocytes are produced as a result of infection.
Accquired artificial immunity can be active or passive. What is an example of active?
Antibodies are produced as a result of immunization with a vaccine.
Accquired artificial immunity can be active or passive. What is an example of passive?
Antibodies that have been produced by another animal or in vitro are given to an animal
