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Micro-101 Exam 3 > immunity chapter > Flashcards

immunity chapter Flashcards

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1
Q

Collective mechanisms against disease

A

Immunology

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2
Q

Types of immunity

A

Innate and adaptive

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3
Q

We are born with this type of immunity

A

innate

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4
Q

We acquire this type of immunity

A

adaptive

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5
Q

Skin, phagocytes, saliva, tears, stomach acid, sweat and NK cells are a part of which type of immunity

A

innate

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6
Q

Lymphotcytes, B and T cells are a part of which immunity?

A

Adaptive. Remember our B cells gain memory of antigens

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7
Q

Primary lymph organs include what?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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8
Q

T cells mature in what organ?

A

THymus

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9
Q

B cells originate in what organ?>

A

bone marrow

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10
Q

Lymph nodes are from which system?

A

Lymp

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11
Q

Does the Appendix have immune function?

A

Yes..ENTER WHAT

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12
Q

T or F: Stem cels can become anything

A

True

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13
Q

B cell, T cell and NK cells are lymphocytes or granulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

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14
Q

B Cells generate what?

A

Plasma cell and Memory cell

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15
Q

Where will antibodies originate?

A

along the b cell line

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16
Q

T cells mature in the thymus. There are two kinds that work together like surveillance and defense. What are they?

A

Th (helper) and Tc (cytotoxic)

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17
Q

This cell helps figure out where the foreign invaders are and activates another to kill?

A

Th

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18
Q

Who executes the invaders?

A

Tc

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19
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

Phagocyte that targets bacteria

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20
Q

dendritic, macrophage and neutrophil have what in common?

A

Phagocytosis

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21
Q

Eosinophils and basophils …..ENTER MORE

A

ENTER MORE

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22
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

knocks out bacterial cell wall

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23
Q

Lactoferin pulls what from microbes?

A

iron

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24
Q

What is a commensal?

A

natural flora; help fight bad guys

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25
Q

How does mucus help fight against microbes?

A

It traps microbes and cilia sweeps it out

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26
Q

How does the skin protect from microbes?

A

acidic from fatty acids and commensals out compete

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27
Q

Stomach acid…

A

kills them

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28
Q

THe pH change from stomach to intestine is? how does it help our defenses?

A

basic. the change makes it hard for bacteria to endure

29
Q

Urinary tract

A

flushes

30
Q

What are three types of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils, dendritic and macrophage

31
Q

Inflammation is a general defense. what are the signs?

A 
Calor = heat
Dolor = pain
Rubor = redness
Tumor = swelling
32
Q

Explain the steps from skin to bursting of abscess

A
  1. scrape skin/skin injury
  2. bacteria enter skin - firs macrophage and neutrophil appear (CAPILLARY OPENS..INFLAMMATION)
  3. fibrin wall is built around leukocytes, creating abscess,
  4. abscess bursts (pus explodes)
33
Q

Is fever a good or a bad thing? why?

A

Moderate is good…speeds up immune cell activity and makes the environment bad for bacteria.

34
Q

What do natural killers do?

A

look for any cell that is not a part of us (without the MHC1 flag). Self cell is like a hall pass.. without it, GONE!

35
Q

What is a complement?

A

No it is not when you say nice things… it is a way to poke holes in invaders.

36
Q

A cell that is cancerous or has been invaded is a part of our self. Why does the immune system attack it?

A

The cell can no longer wave the MHC1 flag.

37
Q

How does NK kill it?

A

Apoptosis (cell destruction).

releases chemicals onto it. it is not a phagocytic cell

38
Q

Complement is a part of what system?

A

blood system

39
Q

How is the complement activated?

A

Classical –> antigen/antibody complex–> complement cascade

or

Alternative Pathway–>pathogen service–> C3

40
Q

________ recognizes the pathogen’s surface or an antibody attaches to activate it.
Once activated, it starts a cascade of reactions called complement cascade

A

C3

41
Q

Once C3 is activates (starts the whole thing), it causes a complement cascade. Once C5, C6-C9 also get activated, its called a _ _ _?

A

MAC

42
Q

MAC attacks (pokes hole in) what part of enveloped viruses and gram negative bacteria?

A

Membranes…gram negative and enveloped viruses

43
Q

T or F: The MAC forms a pseudolayer and pokes a hole.

A

True

44
Q

Humoral immune responses include

A

b cells and antibodies

45
Q

Cell mediated immune responses include

A

helper t cells - the main dude

46
Q

How do you tell Th vs Tc?

A

CD4 receptor for H, CD8 is Tc

47
Q

T or F: Antigen is anything that elicits a response (bacteria, flagella, pili, etc.).

A

True

48
Q

What is antigen presentation?

A

Step three:

  1. Macrophage eats the antigen.
    2. Give to the lysome to try to kill the antigen
  2. Lysosome breaks it up and sends it out for presentation to the T Cell
49
Q

T cell receptor binds to MHC1 and identifies the invader. What happens next?

A

Helper T Cell now know there is an invader and is activated

50
Q

Activation of T Helper cells leads to stimulation of what? formation of what?

A

Stimulates Tc cells and B cell antibodies. Forms memory t helper cells

51
Q

The cytotoxic t cell only works to killl a virus infected cell if what?

A

activated by t helper cell.

52
Q

Who is the executioner of virus infected cell?

A

Tc

53
Q

When B cells are activated what is formed?

A

IG = immunoglobulin, antibody protein.

54
Q

What does neutralization by an antibody mean?

A

antibody Binds to the toxin or virus and stops it from working

55
Q

What does opsonization mean?

A

antibody binds to pathogen and allows phagocytes to come and sweep the whole thing up and out.

56
Q

What shape are antibodies?

A

Y shape

57
Q

T or F: The Y part of the antibody binds to antigens.

A

True

58
Q

The non Y part of antibody binds to what?

A

Phagocyte

59
Q

Antibodies are T or B cells?

A

B

60
Q

Remember: helper t cells stimulate B cells produces antibodies.

A

Don’t forget it!

61
Q

A second attack by a disease such as measles occurs but you never see symptoms. WHy?

A

Immune memory; antibodies respond before symptoms appear.

62
Q

Check the concept map in powerpoint

A

overview of adaptive immunity

63
Q

Below how many T cells turns HIV to AIDS?

A

200

64
Q

How does HIV/AIDS cause such a problem in regard to opportunistic illness?

A

Depletion of T cells

65
Q

Acquired Natural immunity can be active or passive. What is an example of passive?

A

Antibodies are passed to fetus through the placenta or in colostrum

66
Q

Acquired Natural immunity can be active or passive. What is an example of active?

A

Antibodies or activated lymphocytes are produced as a result of infection.

67
Q

Accquired artificial immunity can be active or passive. What is an example of active?

A

Antibodies are produced as a result of immunization with a vaccine.

68
Q

Accquired artificial immunity can be active or passive. What is an example of passive?

A

Antibodies that have been produced by another animal or in vitro are given to an animal

Micro-101 Exam 3 (6 decks)

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