Chap 18 - Parasites Flashcards
Why does green algae have chloroplasts?
For photosynthesis
This algae (a protista) lives in both fresh and marine water. They cause red tides and are responsible for killing fish in Alabama and Delaware.
Dinoflagellates (it’s dyno-mite how they glow and shit)
_____ , algae, have glassy silica plates with radiating cytoplasmic arms that capture pray. Their dead skeletons form deposits on the ocean floor.
Radiolarians (radiating arms, look like cartoon suns)
In the kingdom __________, most of the organisms are unicellular and nutritionally diverse.
Protista
Some protists, such as protozoa, are ____-____ and thrive in ____.
Free-living / Water
These type of protists have chalky, snail-shaped skeletons. They form white cliffs we see near ocean. (An amoeba).
Foraminiferans (they form the cliffs…foram the cliffs)
These single celled protists (algae) are part of the phytoplankton in fresh and marine waters, and have two-part silica walls, which can withstand pressure and are not easily destroyed by predators. They stay on top of the water and use the movement of water to get around.
Diatoms
T or F - Diatoms do not photosynthesize.
False, they do photosynthesize. (They stay on top of the water…)
This type of protozoa is a parasite and is single-celled and have flagella for motility. Group includes parabasalids like trichonympha, trichomonas vaginalis, diplomonads such as giardia and kinetoplastids such as trypanosoma and leishmania
Supergroup Excavata
T or F - Some parabasalids live mutualistically in termite guts.
True
T or F - Trichonympha are parabasalids that live mutualistically in termite guts
True
Nymph as in wood nymph…. parabasalids…salids that help digest termite food….
The parabaslid called _____ causes sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma (Tryptophan makes me sleepy….trypanosoma)
_____ can cause cutaneous or visceral infection. It is caused by sand fly.
Leishmania
The parabasalid/protozoa called _____ ______ causes an STD. Physical and chemical factors can encourage establishment in the female vagina and male urethra and prostate. Females experience: itching, burning, Discharge (frothy discharge; trich juice). Males may be asymptomatic.
Trichomonas vaginalis
This supergroup have amoeboid motion.
Supergroup Unikonta
How does amoeboid motion occur?
By the formation of pseudopods (pseudo = false…false foot). The amoebda pushes fluid to move.
______ also form food vacuoles for ingestion through phagocytosis.
Pseudopods
_____ causes amoebic dysentery, the second leading cause of death due to parasite infection. It is ingested from water or shellfish.
Entamoeba (entero….gi…dysentary)
This supergroup includes dinoflagellates (alage), diatoms (algae) and ciliates (protozoa).
Supergroup Chromalveolata
How do ciliates reproduce?
Sexual reproduction through conjugation. They pass DNA over a bridge.
A ciliate has a cell structure that stores calcium ions and provides protection. It is called a ____________ .
pellicle
Ciliates have two types of nuclei
macronuclei and micronuclei
Ciliates have ________ __________ that picks up excess water and pumps it out. Prevents bursting.
Contractile vaculoes
Protozoa that lack cilia or flagella (sometimes born with but lose it). Once enter the host, cannot move.
Apicomplexans
_______ causes malaria. The life cycle begins in a ANOPHELES mosquito and ends in a human. Human RBCs will burst.
Plasmodium
The parasite plasmodium causes malaria. Where does sexual cycle and the asexual cycle occur.
Sexual cycle occurs in the definitive host (mosquito).
Asexual cycle occurs in the intermediate host (human).
Leishmania causes cutaneous disease with ulcerative sores. What is the organism that causes this? (Hint: Military got it in Afghan war)
L. major (Major in the military)
Leishmania can cause a visceral disease (kala azar) affecting: • white blood cells. • spleen. • liver.. What organism causes this?
L. donovani
Leshmania is transmitted by ____ _____ of the genus Phelbotomus.
Sand Flies
This disease is the second leading cause of death from parasitic disease and is caused by Entameoba Histolytica (histo = tissue; lytica=breaker)
Amoebiasis
How to cysts enter the body?
Through food or water contaminated with feces.
______ is caused by Giardia intestinalis. It is spread through water and affects the gastrointestinal tract. The diplomonad can survive outside the anaerobic environment of the intestine by forming a cyst.
Giardiasis
What is the most common intestinal parasitic infection in the US?
Giardiasis
Amoebiasis can enter the body through contaminated food and water. It breaks through the intestinal wall causing bloody diarrhea. It can either form a cyst (not dividing durable form) or eats your organs. What is the name of the version that eats away at you?
Trophozoites
These organisms are resistant to chlorine and cause Cryptosporidiosis.
Cryptosporidium.
This disease has symptoms of diarrhea that lasts 1 to 2 weeks and is caused by Cryptosporidium. In immunocompromised, cholera like diarrhea may occur.
Cryptosporidiosis
_________ is often transmitted through sexual
contact. It is caused by a protozoan parasite that infects the urinary tract. Males are typically asymptomatic.
Trichomoniais
What organism causes trichomoniasis?
trichomonas vaginalis
In Plasmodium death (causes malaria) can occur due to what?
- loss of RBCs.
- become anemic.
- RBC clustering in small vessels, causing clots in the brain, kidneys, heart and liver.
What is used for treatment of plasmodium?
Quinine (bark of a tree)
This species of plasmodium is the most deadly.
Plasmodium falciparum
T or F - There is a vaccine for malaria
False, there is not.
What are the two diseases caused by Trypanosoma? (one in africa, one in the americas)
- Human African sleeping sickness (T. brucei)
2. Chagas disease (T. Cruzi / American trypanosomiasis)
African sleeping sickness (T. brucei) is transmitted by what?
the Tsetse fly
What is the acute form of African sleeping sickness (T. brucei)? (SKIPPED IN LECTURE)
T. brucei var. rhodesiense
What is the chronic form of African sleeping sickness (T. brucei)? (SKIPPED IN LECTURE)
T. brucei var. gambiense
This form of African sleeping disease is associated with high fever and rapid coma preceding death. (SKIPPED IN LECTURE)
Acute form, T. brucei var. rhodesiense
This form of African sleeping disease is associated with the parasites entering the brain.
Chronic form, T. brucei var. gambiense
Where is Chagas disease found? Complications?
Mexico, and Central and South America
Heart failure
Chagas is transmitted through what?
Reduvid bug bites aka “kissing bug.”
What is the Reduvid call the kissing bug?
It bites on the face or arms at night. (attracted to your breath)
This is a malaria like disease is caused by Babesia Microti and is transmitted by ticks.
Babesiosis
The parasites associated with Toxoplasmosis invade all mammalian cells except what?
RBCs
_____ is caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted via ____. They pick up cysts from soil, birds, or rodents. It is most dangerous to _______ _______.
Cats; pregnant women
Primary ameobic meningoencephalitis (PAM) causes the disease ___________, with symptoms of encephalitis and meningitis.
Naegleria (if you naeglect to plug your nose when you swim, you in trouble)
T or F - 95% of Naegleria victims die within 4-5 days. The parasite enters the body through the nose when swimming in contaminated water.
True.
T or F - Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes) do not have respiratory or circulatory structures, or a digestive tract.
True
_______________ , including flukes, have a complex life in 2 hosts. It grows in a small creature like a snail 1st. They emerge from the 1st host (intermediate host) and enters into a definitive host next, such as a human.
Trematodes
How are trematodes are able to evade the immune system by having what?
They have a surface similar to host cells. Our immune system looks for something foreign.
Trematodes eggs develop into larvae (miracidia) in water, which then invade _____. They then leave the snails and attach to human skin, infecting the blood. Eggs leave human, but adult worms may stay behind IN YOU!
Snails
Tapeworms have hooks and suckers to aid them in grabbing onto your intestines. The head region of Cestodes (tapeworms), is called a ____.
Scolex.
Fertilized tapeworm eggs are produced in _______ distal from the scolex, which break off and spread eggs.
Proglottids
T or F - Most “worms” have 2 hosts.
True.
How do humans end up with a beef (Taenia saginata), pork tapeworm (T. solium) or fish tapeworm?
UNDERCOOKED FOOD!!!!
_______ (Phylum _____ ) live in every habitat on Earth and can cause human illness. The damage to the host often occurs by large worm burden in vessels or intestines (main place).
Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda)
This is caused by several species of blood flukes.
Schistosomiasis
In Schistosomiasis, Miracidia in snails convert to ____, which leave the snail and attach to human skin.
Cercariae.
Schisomiasistos Eggs can cause damage in what?
The liver, intestines and bladder.
T or F - Certain species of Schisomiasistos swimmer’s itch.
True
____ disease is caused by Enterobius vermicularis.
Pinworm
In this disease, infection of the intestines leads to diarrhea and anal itching. (worms on in/on your bunghole.)
Pinworm
T or F - In Pinworm disease, worms die in a few weeks, even without treatment.
True
In Pinworm disease, how can reinfection occur.
Reinfection can occur if contaminated hands contact food or the mouth.
_____ is caused by Trichinella spiralis and is transmitted to humans by eating raw or poorly cooked pork.
Trichinellosis (NELL)
__ ____, the organism for Trichinellosis, lives in pig intestines and can encyst in skeletal muscles (causing breathing issues).
T. spiralis
________ is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides. Females produce a large number of eggs tha can remain viable in soil for months. They can grow up to 20-30 cm long.
Ascariasis
Ascariasis transmission occurs by __________ . Ascariasis worms mature in our __________, causing blockage and perforation. If gets in blood stream, they can move into your _____. If they do, however, you can cough them up. You swallow them and they move back to the _______.
consuming contaminated food;
Intestine;
lungs;
intestine
T or F - The only host for Hookworms are Humans.
True
How to Hookworm larvae enter the body? how do they travel through the body once they are in?
The skin of bare feet, then enter the bloodstream. They work their way to the lungs–>cough–>swallow–>intestine
Lymphatic ________ is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, and is transmitted by mosquitoes.
Filariasis
In this disease, Larvae infect the lymphatic system, they damage vessels and glands, and can lead to elephantiasis lymphedema (elephantiasis).
Filariasis
The kingdom protista contain: 1. fungus like protists; 2. ________ and 3. __________
- protozoa
3. Algae
MOVING,, REPRODUCING, ANIMAL LIKE
PROTOZOA
Paramecium is a ciliate. It has defensive filaments that are harpoon like structures called __________ .
Trichocysts
Helminths are worms.
Flukes and tapeworms are _____worms.
Whipworm, eyeworm, pinworm are ______worms.
Flatworms
roundworms
