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Micro-101 Exam 3 > Chap 18 - Parasites > Flashcards

Chap 18 - Parasites Flashcards

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1
Q

Why does green algae have chloroplasts?

A

For photosynthesis

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2
Q

This algae (a protista) lives in both fresh and marine water. They cause red tides and are responsible for killing fish in Alabama and Delaware.

A

Dinoflagellates (it’s dyno-mite how they glow and shit)

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3
Q

_____ , algae, have glassy silica plates with radiating cytoplasmic arms that capture pray. Their dead skeletons form deposits on the ocean floor.

A

Radiolarians (radiating arms, look like cartoon suns)

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4
Q

In the kingdom __________, most of the organisms are unicellular and nutritionally diverse.

A

Protista

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5
Q

Some protists, such as protozoa, are ____-____ and thrive in ____.

A

Free-living / Water

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6
Q

These type of protists have chalky, snail-shaped skeletons. They form white cliffs we see near ocean. (An amoeba).

A

Foraminiferans (they form the cliffs…foram the cliffs)

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7
Q

These single celled protists (algae) are part of the phytoplankton in fresh and marine waters, and have two-part silica walls, which can withstand pressure and are not easily destroyed by predators. They stay on top of the water and use the movement of water to get around.

A

Diatoms

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8
Q

T or F - Diatoms do not photosynthesize.

A

False, they do photosynthesize. (They stay on top of the water…)

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9
Q

This type of protozoa is a parasite and is single-celled and have flagella for motility. Group includes parabasalids like trichonympha, trichomonas vaginalis, diplomonads such as giardia and kinetoplastids such as trypanosoma and leishmania

A

Supergroup Excavata

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10
Q

T or F - Some parabasalids live mutualistically in termite guts.

A

True

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11
Q

T or F - Trichonympha are parabasalids that live mutualistically in termite guts

A

True

Nymph as in wood nymph…. parabasalids…salids that help digest termite food….

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12
Q

The parabaslid called _____ causes sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma (Tryptophan makes me sleepy….trypanosoma)

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13
Q

_____ can cause cutaneous or visceral infection. It is caused by sand fly.

A

Leishmania

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14
Q

The parabasalid/protozoa called _____ ______ causes an STD. Physical and chemical factors can encourage establishment in the female vagina and male urethra and prostate. Females experience: itching, burning, Discharge (frothy discharge; trich juice). Males may be asymptomatic.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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15
Q

This supergroup have amoeboid motion.

A

Supergroup Unikonta

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16
Q

How does amoeboid motion occur?

A

By the formation of pseudopods (pseudo = false…false foot). The amoebda pushes fluid to move.

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17
Q

______ also form food vacuoles for ingestion through phagocytosis.

A

Pseudopods

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18
Q

_____ causes amoebic dysentery, the second leading cause of death due to parasite infection. It is ingested from water or shellfish.

A

Entamoeba (entero….gi…dysentary)

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19
Q

This supergroup includes dinoflagellates (alage), diatoms (algae) and ciliates (protozoa).

A

Supergroup Chromalveolata

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20
Q

How do ciliates reproduce?

A

Sexual reproduction through conjugation. They pass DNA over a bridge.

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21
Q

A ciliate has a cell structure that stores calcium ions and provides protection. It is called a ____________ .

A

pellicle

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22
Q

Ciliates have two types of nuclei

A

macronuclei and micronuclei

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23
Q

Ciliates have ________ __________ that picks up excess water and pumps it out. Prevents bursting.

A

Contractile vaculoes

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24
Q

Protozoa that lack cilia or flagella (sometimes born with but lose it). Once enter the host, cannot move.

A

Apicomplexans

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25
Q

_______ causes malaria. The life cycle begins in a ANOPHELES mosquito and ends in a human. Human RBCs will burst.

A

Plasmodium

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26
Q

The parasite plasmodium causes malaria. Where does sexual cycle and the asexual cycle occur.

A

Sexual cycle occurs in the definitive host (mosquito).

Asexual cycle occurs in the intermediate host (human).

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27
Q

Leishmania causes cutaneous disease with ulcerative sores. What is the organism that causes this? (Hint: Military got it in Afghan war)

A

L. major (Major in the military)

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28
Q 
Leishmania can cause a visceral disease (kala azar)
affecting:
• white blood cells.
• spleen.
• liver..
What organism causes this?
A

L. donovani

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29
Q

Leshmania is transmitted by ____ _____ of the genus Phelbotomus.

A

Sand Flies

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30
Q

This disease is the second leading cause of death from parasitic disease and is caused by Entameoba Histolytica (histo = tissue; lytica=breaker)

A

Amoebiasis

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31
Q

How to cysts enter the body?

A

Through food or water contaminated with feces.

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32
Q

______ is caused by Giardia intestinalis. It is spread through water and affects the gastrointestinal tract. The diplomonad can survive outside the anaerobic environment of the intestine by forming a cyst.

A

Giardiasis

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33
Q

What is the most common intestinal parasitic infection in the US?

A

Giardiasis

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34
Q

Amoebiasis can enter the body through contaminated food and water. It breaks through the intestinal wall causing bloody diarrhea. It can either form a cyst (not dividing durable form) or eats your organs. What is the name of the version that eats away at you?

A

Trophozoites

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35
Q

These organisms are resistant to chlorine and cause Cryptosporidiosis.

A

Cryptosporidium.

36
Q

This disease has symptoms of diarrhea that lasts 1 to 2 weeks and is caused by Cryptosporidium. In immunocompromised, cholera like diarrhea may occur.

A

Cryptosporidiosis

37
Q

_________ is often transmitted through sexual

contact. It is caused by a protozoan parasite that infects the urinary tract. Males are typically asymptomatic.

A

Trichomoniais

38
Q

What organism causes trichomoniasis?

A

trichomonas vaginalis

39
Q

In Plasmodium death (causes malaria) can occur due to what?

A
  1. loss of RBCs.
  2. become anemic.
  3. RBC clustering in small vessels, causing clots in the brain, kidneys, heart and liver.
40
Q

What is used for treatment of plasmodium?

A

Quinine (bark of a tree)

41
Q

This species of plasmodium is the most deadly.

A

Plasmodium falciparum

42
Q

T or F - There is a vaccine for malaria

A

False, there is not.

43
Q

What are the two diseases caused by Trypanosoma? (one in africa, one in the americas)

A
  1. Human African sleeping sickness (T. brucei)

2. Chagas disease (T. Cruzi / American trypanosomiasis)

44
Q

African sleeping sickness (T. brucei) is transmitted by what?

A

the Tsetse fly

45
Q

What is the acute form of African sleeping sickness (T. brucei)? (SKIPPED IN LECTURE)

A

T. brucei var. rhodesiense

46
Q

What is the chronic form of African sleeping sickness (T. brucei)? (SKIPPED IN LECTURE)

A

T. brucei var. gambiense

47
Q

This form of African sleeping disease is associated with high fever and rapid coma preceding death. (SKIPPED IN LECTURE)

A

Acute form, T. brucei var. rhodesiense

48
Q

This form of African sleeping disease is associated with the parasites entering the brain.

A

Chronic form, T. brucei var. gambiense

49
Q

Where is Chagas disease found? Complications?

A

Mexico, and Central and South America

Heart failure

50
Q

Chagas is transmitted through what?

A

Reduvid bug bites aka “kissing bug.”

51
Q

What is the Reduvid call the kissing bug?

A

It bites on the face or arms at night. (attracted to your breath)

52
Q

This is a malaria like disease is caused by Babesia Microti and is transmitted by ticks.

A

Babesiosis

53
Q

The parasites associated with Toxoplasmosis invade all mammalian cells except what?

A

RBCs

54
Q

_____ is caused by Toxoplasma gondii.

A

Toxoplasmosis

55
Q

Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted via ____. They pick up cysts from soil, birds, or rodents. It is most dangerous to _______ _______.

A

Cats; pregnant women

56
Q

Primary ameobic meningoencephalitis (PAM) causes the disease ___________, with symptoms of encephalitis and meningitis.

A

Naegleria (if you naeglect to plug your nose when you swim, you in trouble)

57
Q

T or F - 95% of Naegleria victims die within 4-5 days. The parasite enters the body through the nose when swimming in contaminated water.

A

True.

58
Q

T or F - Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes) do not have respiratory or circulatory structures, or a digestive tract.

A

True

59
Q

_______________ , including flukes, have a complex life in 2 hosts. It grows in a small creature like a snail 1st. They emerge from the 1st host (intermediate host) and enters into a definitive host next, such as a human.

A

Trematodes

60
Q

How are trematodes are able to evade the immune system by having what?

A

They have a surface similar to host cells. Our immune system looks for something foreign.

61
Q

Trematodes eggs develop into larvae (miracidia) in water, which then invade _____. They then leave the snails and attach to human skin, infecting the blood. Eggs leave human, but adult worms may stay behind IN YOU!

A

Snails

62
Q

Tapeworms have hooks and suckers to aid them in grabbing onto your intestines. The head region of Cestodes (tapeworms), is called a ____.

A

Scolex.

63
Q

Fertilized tapeworm eggs are produced in _______ distal from the scolex, which break off and spread eggs.

A

Proglottids

64
Q

T or F - Most “worms” have 2 hosts.

A

True.

65
Q

How do humans end up with a beef (Taenia saginata), pork tapeworm (T. solium) or fish tapeworm?

A

UNDERCOOKED FOOD!!!!

66
Q

_______ (Phylum _____ ) live in every habitat on Earth and can cause human illness. The damage to the host often occurs by large worm burden in vessels or intestines (main place).

A

Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda)

67
Q

This is caused by several species of blood flukes.

A

Schistosomiasis

68
Q

In Schistosomiasis, Miracidia in snails convert to ____, which leave the snail and attach to human skin.

A

Cercariae.

69
Q

Schisomiasistos Eggs can cause damage in what?

A

The liver, intestines and bladder.

70
Q

T or F - Certain species of Schisomiasistos swimmer’s itch.

A

True

71
Q

____ disease is caused by Enterobius vermicularis.

A

Pinworm

72
Q

In this disease, infection of the intestines leads to diarrhea and anal itching. (worms on in/on your bunghole.)

A

Pinworm

73
Q

T or F - In Pinworm disease, worms die in a few weeks, even without treatment.

A

True

74
Q

In Pinworm disease, how can reinfection occur.

A

Reinfection can occur if contaminated hands contact food or the mouth.

75
Q

_____ is caused by Trichinella spiralis and is transmitted to humans by eating raw or poorly cooked pork.

A

Trichinellosis (NELL)

76
Q

__ ____, the organism for Trichinellosis, lives in pig intestines and can encyst in skeletal muscles (causing breathing issues).

A

T. spiralis

77
Q

________ is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides. Females produce a large number of eggs tha can remain viable in soil for months. They can grow up to 20-30 cm long.

A

Ascariasis

78
Q

Ascariasis transmission occurs by __________ . Ascariasis worms mature in our __________, causing blockage and perforation. If gets in blood stream, they can move into your _____. If they do, however, you can cough them up. You swallow them and they move back to the _______.

A

consuming contaminated food;
Intestine;
lungs;
intestine

79
Q

T or F - The only host for Hookworms are Humans.

A

True

80
Q

How to Hookworm larvae enter the body? how do they travel through the body once they are in?

A

The skin of bare feet, then enter the bloodstream. They work their way to the lungs–>cough–>swallow–>intestine

81
Q

Lymphatic ________ is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, and is transmitted by mosquitoes.

A

Filariasis

82
Q

In this disease, Larvae infect the lymphatic system, they damage vessels and glands, and can lead to elephantiasis lymphedema (elephantiasis).

A

Filariasis

83
Q

The kingdom protista contain: 1. fungus like protists; 2. ________ and 3. __________

A
  1. protozoa

3. Algae

84
Q

MOVING,, REPRODUCING, ANIMAL LIKE

A

PROTOZOA

85
Q

Paramecium is a ciliate. It has defensive filaments that are harpoon like structures called __________ .

A

Trichocysts

86
Q

Helminths are worms.

Flukes and tapeworms are _____worms.

Whipworm, eyeworm, pinworm are ______worms.

A

Flatworms

roundworms

Micro-101 Exam 3 (6 decks)

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