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Microbiology > Immunity and Vaccines > Flashcards

Immunity and Vaccines Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the first line of innate immunity?

A

external physical barriers

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2
Q

what is the second line of innate immunity?

A

internal and protective cells and chemicals

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3
Q

what can innate immunity be characterized as?

A

immediate and non-specific against a variety of pathogens

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4
Q

when does innate immunity occur?

A

from incubation period until infection ends

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5
Q

what are the nine stages of phagocytosis?

A

Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion
Formation of a Phagosome
Fusion with Lysosome
Formation of Phagolysosome
Killing in Phagolysosome
Egestion of debris
Display of antigens on surface for Adaptive Immune Response

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6
Q

what is inflammation?

A

Nonspecific response to tissue damage from various causes

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7
Q

what is inflammation characterized by?

A

heat, edema, redness, pain, alteration (HERPA ig)

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8
Q

what are the two types of inflammation?

A

acute and chronic

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9
Q

what can form due to chronic inflammation?

A

granuloma formed to wall off inflammation

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10
Q

what is an antigen?

A

Any chemical, compound or structure foreign to the body that elicits an adaptive immune response

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11
Q

what are antibodies?

A

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) are glycoproteins made in response to an antigen

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12
Q

what is the IgG antibody?

A

IgG – most common and longest-lasting antibody

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13
Q

what is the IgA antibody?

A

IgA – associated with body secretions

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14
Q

what is the IgM antibody?

A

IgM – first antibody produced

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15
Q

what is the IgE antibody?

A

IgE – involved in response to allergies and parasitic infections

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16
Q

what is the IgD antibody?

A

IgD – receptors on B cells

17
Q

what is the first step of antibody mediated immunity?

A

dendritic cell engulfs a microbe and places antigen on its MHC II complex

18
Q

what is the second step of antibody mediated immunity?

A

APC travels to a nearby lymph node and presents the antigen to a specific T cell

19
Q

what is the third step of antibody mediated immunity?

A

activated T cell links to B cell that has bound to the same antigen

20
Q

what is the fourth step of antibody mediated immunity?

A

clonal expansion –> differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells

21
Q

what do plasma cells do?

A

they produce antibodies

22
Q

what is the first step of cell mediated immunity?

A

In the lymph node a T cell is activated and differentiated into Th1

23
Q

what is the second step of cell mediated immunity?

A

once Th1 cells are produces, they secrete IL2 which activates cytotoxic t cells

24
Q

what is the third step of cell mediated immunity?

A

activated Tc (cytotoxic) cells migrate from the lymph node to areas with infected cells

25
Q

what is the fourth step of cell mediated immunity?

A

Tc find infected cells presenting the right antigens and secrete performs and granzymes

26
Q

what are attenuated vaccines made from?

A

Made from living pathogens with reduced virulence

27
Q

how do attenuated vaccines work?

A

Active microbes stimulate a strong immune response more similar to natural pathogen

28
Q

what can attenuated vaccines provide?

A

contact immunity

29
Q

what are examples of attenuated vaccines?

A

Ex. Influenza (nasal) vaccine, tuberculosis (BCG), chicken pox/shingles

30
Q

what are toxoid vaccines?

A

Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate immunity

31
Q

how do toxoid vaccines work?

A

they don’t eliminate the pathogen but they eliminated the toxin produced by the pathogen

32
Q

why do toxoid vaccine require boosters?

A

Require multiple doses (boosters) because they possess few antigenic determinants

33
Q

what are examples of toxoid vaccines?

A

Ex. Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Botulism

34
Q

what are inactivated vaccines made from?

A

Made from microbes inactivated by formalin or phenol.

35
Q

what do inactivated virus vaccines usually contain?

A

Often contain adjuvants

36
Q

what are examples of inactivated vaccines?

A

Ex. Influenza intramuscular vaccine, cholera, rabies

37
Q

how do mRNA vaccines work?

A

mRNA vaccines work by providing the genetic code for our cells to produce microbial proteins.

38
Q

what are examples of mRNA vaccines?

A

Ex. Viral mRNA encoding the spike proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus

Microbiology (10 decks)

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