Immunity and Vaccines Flashcards
what is the first line of innate immunity?
external physical barriers
what is the second line of innate immunity?
internal and protective cells and chemicals
what can innate immunity be characterized as?
immediate and non-specific against a variety of pathogens
when does innate immunity occur?
from incubation period until infection ends
what are the nine stages of phagocytosis?
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion
Formation of a Phagosome
Fusion with Lysosome
Formation of Phagolysosome
Killing in Phagolysosome
Egestion of debris
Display of antigens on surface for Adaptive Immune Response
what is inflammation?
Nonspecific response to tissue damage from various causes
what is inflammation characterized by?
heat, edema, redness, pain, alteration (HERPA ig)
what are the two types of inflammation?
acute and chronic
what can form due to chronic inflammation?
granuloma formed to wall off inflammation
what is an antigen?
Any chemical, compound or structure foreign to the body that elicits an adaptive immune response
what are antibodies?
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) are glycoproteins made in response to an antigen
what is the IgG antibody?
IgG – most common and longest-lasting antibody
what is the IgA antibody?
IgA – associated with body secretions
what is the IgM antibody?
IgM – first antibody produced
what is the IgE antibody?
IgE – involved in response to allergies and parasitic infections
what is the IgD antibody?
IgD – receptors on B cells
what is the first step of antibody mediated immunity?
dendritic cell engulfs a microbe and places antigen on its MHC II complex
what is the second step of antibody mediated immunity?
APC travels to a nearby lymph node and presents the antigen to a specific T cell
what is the third step of antibody mediated immunity?
activated T cell links to B cell that has bound to the same antigen
what is the fourth step of antibody mediated immunity?
clonal expansion –> differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells
what do plasma cells do?
they produce antibodies
what is the first step of cell mediated immunity?
In the lymph node a T cell is activated and differentiated into Th1
what is the second step of cell mediated immunity?
once Th1 cells are produces, they secrete IL2 which activates cytotoxic t cells
what is the third step of cell mediated immunity?
activated Tc (cytotoxic) cells migrate from the lymph node to areas with infected cells
what is the fourth step of cell mediated immunity?
Tc find infected cells presenting the right antigens and secrete performs and granzymes
what are attenuated vaccines made from?
Made from living pathogens with reduced virulence
how do attenuated vaccines work?
Active microbes stimulate a strong immune response more similar to natural pathogen
what can attenuated vaccines provide?
contact immunity
what are examples of attenuated vaccines?
Ex. Influenza (nasal) vaccine, tuberculosis (BCG), chicken pox/shingles
what are toxoid vaccines?
Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate immunity
how do toxoid vaccines work?
they don’t eliminate the pathogen but they eliminated the toxin produced by the pathogen
why do toxoid vaccine require boosters?
Require multiple doses (boosters) because they possess few antigenic determinants
what are examples of toxoid vaccines?
Ex. Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Botulism
what are inactivated vaccines made from?
Made from microbes inactivated by formalin or phenol.
what do inactivated virus vaccines usually contain?
Often contain adjuvants
what are examples of inactivated vaccines?
Ex. Influenza intramuscular vaccine, cholera, rabies
how do mRNA vaccines work?
mRNA vaccines work by providing the genetic code for our cells to produce microbial proteins.
what are examples of mRNA vaccines?
Ex. Viral mRNA encoding the spike proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus
