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Small animal nursing > Immunity and Vaccinations > Flashcards

Immunity and Vaccinations Flashcards

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1
Q

examples of viruses

A

rabies, parvovirus

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2
Q

examples of bacteria

A

leptospirosis, bubonic plague

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3
Q

examples of fungi

A

ringworm, blastomycosis

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4
Q

how can diseases be transmitted?

A

air, direct/indirect animal contact, soiled/contaminated objects (fomites), broken skin/mm, saliva, urine, blood/body secretions, sexual contact, contaminated food/water

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5
Q

what are the classes of antibodies?

A

IgD, IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE

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6
Q

IgD antibody

A

receptor for B cells

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7
Q

IgA antibody

A

produced by mm cells, prevents attachment to epithelial layers

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8
Q

IgM antibody

A

made after initial contact with pathogen, shows up with active infection

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9
Q

IgG antibody

A

most abundant, can pass through placenta, from mother to baby

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10
Q

IgE antibody

A

inflammation, causes histamine release

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11
Q

what are the three ways the body defends against pathogens from 1st line of defense to last line of defense?

A

physical barriers (skin, self-cleaning, natural flora), innate immunity (inflammation, lesions), specific immunity (antibody production, cell-mediated immunity)

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12
Q

humoral immunity

A

antibodies bind to antigens in the circulation or in tissue fluids

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13
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

used to destroy the infected cell or the cell is activated to destroy the invader, mediated by T-lymphocytes

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14
Q

active immunity

A

long-lasting humoral immunity that occurs after exposure to a pathogen (can be natural or artificial)
B-cells are produced (memory cells)
takes a while for immunity to develop

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15
Q

passive immunity

A

humoral immunity provided to the animal
artificial: giving antibodies through injection
natural: maternal antibodies
provides immediate protection but is temporary

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16
Q

colostrum

A

first milk produced by mother that is rich in antibodies, puppies need to drink it in the first 24 hours after birth

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17
Q

virulence

A

degree of pathogencitity of pathogen to invade body tissues (how dangerous/deadly it is)

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18
Q

reconstitution

A

mixing drugs

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19
Q

diluent

A

liquid portion used during reconstitution, usually sterile water or sterile saline is used

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20
Q

adjuvant

A

additive that increases immune response from body tissues

21
Q

titer

A

dilution of serum
estimates the amount of antibodies in blood
expressed by a ratio of 1:#, higher # = more immunity

22
Q

therapeutic vaccines

A

canine oral melanoma vaccine, canine atopic dermatitis immunotherapuetic

23
Q

attenuated vaccines

A

uses a weakened form of a pathogen, comes as a little patty that is diluted in sterile saline

24
Q

what are the pros and cons of attenuated vaccines?

A

pros: immunity lasts longer, better/quicker stimulation of cell-mediated immunity
cons: causes abortions in pregnant animals, can cause the animal to get a mild form of the disease, shed in environment, handling/storage concerns

25
Q

how do you store a modified live vaccine?

A

store between 36-46 F, dies after 2 hours of reconstituting so always discard after 1 hour

26
Q

inactivated vaccines

A

killed version of the pathogen

27
Q

what are the pros and cons of inactivated vaccines?

A

pros: unlikely to cause disease
cons: needs multiple doses, less duration, higher possibility of reactions due to using more adjuvant than modified live

28
Q

recombinant vaccines

A

uses a piece of a pathogen (DNA/RNA)

29
Q

what are the pros and cons of recombinant vaccines?

A

pros: fewer side effects, effective immunity, varied routes of administration
cons: more expensive, boosters needed

30
Q

toxoid vaccines

A

uses a toxin made by a pathogen

31
Q

what are the pros and cons of toxoid vaccines?

A

pros: protects against toxins
cons: short duration, boosters often needed, may contain adjuvants

32
Q

polyvalent vaccines

A

contains more than one antigen, more convenient, adverse reactions may increase with number of antigens added

33
Q

monovalent vaccines

A

single antigen, need to administer more injections, using several monovalent vaccines may expose patient to more adjuvants

34
Q

reactions (Rx)

A

undesirable/harmful (undocumented) experiences occurring after immunization that may or may not be related to vaccine, unique to patient

35
Q

side effect

A

secondary (documented) undesirable reaction resulting from immunization/treatment, expected/anticipated after a vaccine

36
Q

when do we start vaccinations?

A

8 weeks old because most puppies will have metabolized their maternal antibodies by then

37
Q

what do we do for patients with no vaccine history?

A

if a patient that is over 12 weeks old comes in with no previous vaccine history we can start vaccines right away as long as they are healthy

38
Q

how often to vaccinate puppies?

A

initial intervals for puppy/kitten series is 2-4 weeks apart

39
Q

when do you do boosters after initial series is complete?

A

every 1-3 years depending on manufacturer

40
Q

what are some things that can have an effect on vaccine efficacy?

A

poor storage or using outdated vaccines, animal is already incubating disease, genetic and environmental factors effect to immune response, unhealthy animals mount a poorer immune response, maternal antibodies present

41
Q

who distinguishes vaccines?

A

AAFP and AAHA
American Association of Feline Practitioners
American Animal Hospital Association

42
Q

core vaccines

A

vaccines that all animals must get to prevent highly contagious or life threatening diseases

43
Q

noncore vaccines

A

lifestyle/risk based, less virulent diseases

44
Q

what canine vaccines are core vaccines?

A

rabies, canine distemper, canine adenovirus-2, canine parvovirus, canine parainfluenza

45
Q

what canine vaccines are noncore vaccines?

A

bordetella, leptospirosis, borellia burgdoferi (lyme), canine influenza, crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake)

46
Q

what feline vaccines are core vaccines?

A

rabies, feline herpesvirus-1, calicivirus, panleukopenia, FeLV for outdoor cats (feline leukemia virus)

47
Q

what feline vaccines are noncore vaccines?

A

FeLV for indoor cats, FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus), chlamydia

48
Q

what are the 2 routes for vaccines in small animals?

A

SQ and IN

49
Q

who can give a rabies vaccine in IL?

A

DVMs only

Small animal nursing (11 decks)

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