Immunity and Vaccinations Flashcards
examples of viruses
rabies, parvovirus
examples of bacteria
leptospirosis, bubonic plague
examples of fungi
ringworm, blastomycosis
how can diseases be transmitted?
air, direct/indirect animal contact, soiled/contaminated objects (fomites), broken skin/mm, saliva, urine, blood/body secretions, sexual contact, contaminated food/water
what are the classes of antibodies?
IgD, IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE
IgD antibody
receptor for B cells
IgA antibody
produced by mm cells, prevents attachment to epithelial layers
IgM antibody
made after initial contact with pathogen, shows up with active infection
IgG antibody
most abundant, can pass through placenta, from mother to baby
IgE antibody
inflammation, causes histamine release
what are the three ways the body defends against pathogens from 1st line of defense to last line of defense?
physical barriers (skin, self-cleaning, natural flora), innate immunity (inflammation, lesions), specific immunity (antibody production, cell-mediated immunity)
humoral immunity
antibodies bind to antigens in the circulation or in tissue fluids
cell-mediated immunity
used to destroy the infected cell or the cell is activated to destroy the invader, mediated by T-lymphocytes
active immunity
long-lasting humoral immunity that occurs after exposure to a pathogen (can be natural or artificial)
B-cells are produced (memory cells)
takes a while for immunity to develop
passive immunity
humoral immunity provided to the animal
artificial: giving antibodies through injection
natural: maternal antibodies
provides immediate protection but is temporary
colostrum
first milk produced by mother that is rich in antibodies, puppies need to drink it in the first 24 hours after birth
virulence
degree of pathogencitity of pathogen to invade body tissues (how dangerous/deadly it is)
reconstitution
mixing drugs
diluent
liquid portion used during reconstitution, usually sterile water or sterile saline is used
adjuvant
additive that increases immune response from body tissues
titer
dilution of serum
estimates the amount of antibodies in blood
expressed by a ratio of 1:#, higher # = more immunity
therapeutic vaccines
canine oral melanoma vaccine, canine atopic dermatitis immunotherapuetic
attenuated vaccines
uses a weakened form of a pathogen, comes as a little patty that is diluted in sterile saline
what are the pros and cons of attenuated vaccines?
pros: immunity lasts longer, better/quicker stimulation of cell-mediated immunity
cons: causes abortions in pregnant animals, can cause the animal to get a mild form of the disease, shed in environment, handling/storage concerns
how do you store a modified live vaccine?
store between 36-46 F, dies after 2 hours of reconstituting so always discard after 1 hour
inactivated vaccines
killed version of the pathogen
what are the pros and cons of inactivated vaccines?
pros: unlikely to cause disease
cons: needs multiple doses, less duration, higher possibility of reactions due to using more adjuvant than modified live
recombinant vaccines
uses a piece of a pathogen (DNA/RNA)
what are the pros and cons of recombinant vaccines?
pros: fewer side effects, effective immunity, varied routes of administration
cons: more expensive, boosters needed
toxoid vaccines
uses a toxin made by a pathogen
what are the pros and cons of toxoid vaccines?
pros: protects against toxins
cons: short duration, boosters often needed, may contain adjuvants
polyvalent vaccines
contains more than one antigen, more convenient, adverse reactions may increase with number of antigens added
monovalent vaccines
single antigen, need to administer more injections, using several monovalent vaccines may expose patient to more adjuvants
reactions (Rx)
undesirable/harmful (undocumented) experiences occurring after immunization that may or may not be related to vaccine, unique to patient
side effect
secondary (documented) undesirable reaction resulting from immunization/treatment, expected/anticipated after a vaccine
when do we start vaccinations?
8 weeks old because most puppies will have metabolized their maternal antibodies by then
what do we do for patients with no vaccine history?
if a patient that is over 12 weeks old comes in with no previous vaccine history we can start vaccines right away as long as they are healthy
how often to vaccinate puppies?
initial intervals for puppy/kitten series is 2-4 weeks apart
when do you do boosters after initial series is complete?
every 1-3 years depending on manufacturer
what are some things that can have an effect on vaccine efficacy?
poor storage or using outdated vaccines, animal is already incubating disease, genetic and environmental factors effect to immune response, unhealthy animals mount a poorer immune response, maternal antibodies present
who distinguishes vaccines?
AAFP and AAHA
American Association of Feline Practitioners
American Animal Hospital Association
core vaccines
vaccines that all animals must get to prevent highly contagious or life threatening diseases
noncore vaccines
lifestyle/risk based, less virulent diseases
what canine vaccines are core vaccines?
rabies, canine distemper, canine adenovirus-2, canine parvovirus, canine parainfluenza
what canine vaccines are noncore vaccines?
bordetella, leptospirosis, borellia burgdoferi (lyme), canine influenza, crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake)
what feline vaccines are core vaccines?
rabies, feline herpesvirus-1, calicivirus, panleukopenia, FeLV for outdoor cats (feline leukemia virus)
what feline vaccines are noncore vaccines?
FeLV for indoor cats, FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus), chlamydia
what are the 2 routes for vaccines in small animals?
SQ and IN
who can give a rabies vaccine in IL?
DVMs only
