Cardiovascular Flashcards
which valves are the A/V valves?
tricuspid and mitral
which valves are the semi-lunar valves?
pulmonary and aortic
what are the locations for heart sounds?
left: pulmonary, aortic, mitral
right: tricupid
what things are good to keep in mind before seeing patient/ when first observing patient?
signalment, age, ambulation (walking)
how would a dog with difficulty breathing stand?
elbows abducted
what should you note when watching respirations in a patient that is having difficulty breathing?
is the difficulty on inhalation or exhalation? depth? coughing?
what are things that could be signs of cardio issues when looking at general appearance?
thin patients, patient with disproportionate body, large abdomen
perfusion
passage of fluid through circulatory/ lympathic system to an organ or tissue
what is associated with hypoperfusion?
ischemia (tissue death)
what is associated with hyperperfusion?
renal failure
diastole
relaxation of the heart
systole
contraction of the heart
mean
average pressure between 1 cardiac cycle
CO
cardiac output
blood pumped from heart
SVR
systemic vascular resistance
resistance of blood in circulation
what is the normal systolic range?
110-160 mmHg
what is the normal diastolic range?
70-90 mmHg
what is the normal mean range?
85-120 mmHg
what is the #1 cause of hypertension in small animals?
renal disease
what are the CS of hypertension?
dilated pupils, acute blindness, neurologic signs: seizures, ataxia, stuporous/ comatose
what are the CS of hypotension?
weakness, collapse, pale/white mm
first heart sound S1
ventricular systole and closure of AV valves, makes LUB sound
second heart sound
end of ventricular systole and corresponds with closure of semilunar valves, makes DUB sound
what are heart arrythmias?
improper beating of the heart
occurs when electrical impulses of the heart don’t work properly
what is a sinus arrythmia?
when ACh blocks electric impulses from going to the SA node
heart rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration
what is a gallop rhythm?
when each heart valve closes at a different time creating up to 4 different heart sounds
what is a heart murmur?
turbulence disturbing the normal blood flow through the heart
what are causes of heart murmurs?
dysfunction of the valves, blood viscosity (anemia), vessel diameter (narrow), innocent (structural for young patients and goes away when they get older)
what is the best position to auscultate a patient in for heart murmurs and why?
sternal or standing because some murmurs can be positional
what are heart murmurs characterized by?
intensity, timing, location
what heart murmur intensities are characterized by a precordial thrill?
5/6 and 6/6
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
DA shunt doesn’t close properly after birth causing the blood to continue by-passing the lungs
what are the CS of PDA?
fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, runt puppies, large shunts not corrected will have fatal outcomes by 12 weeks
what things influence the heart?
neuronal, hormonal, pressure control
what BP monitors are used and important things about each?
oscillometric: machine that measures BP with cuffs
doppler: only measures systolic BP, use machine to listen to blood flowing through artery and use pressure cuff with squeeze bulb
radiographs
2D view of anatomy
echocardiogram
like an ultrasound, shows structure and blood flow of heart, best for evaluating heart murmurs
electrocardiogram
measures electrical activity of heart
what breed is predisposed to mitral valve disease?
King Charles spaniel
what breeds are predisposed to congestive heart disease?
boxers and cocker spaniels
what breed is predisposed to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
ragdoll cats
what breeds are predisposed to dialated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
golden retrievers and doberman pinchers
