Canine Infectious Diseases Flashcards
what family is canine distemper virus from?
paramyxovirus family
same family as human measles
what is the order in which the body systems get infected in CDV?
- respiratory system
- GI tract
- CNS
what is a common signalment for victims of CDV?
young, unvaccinated
what other animals can get CDV?
mustelidae and procyonidae
ferrets and raccoons
what are the ways CDV can be transmitted?
aerosolized respiratory secretions, fomites, in utero, wildlife
what clinical signs are often seen in patients who have CDV?
early signs: fever, anorexia, depression, ropey purulent nasal discharge, conjunctivitis
GI: diarrhea, vomiting, weakness/lethargy
lungs: coughing, sneezing, pneumonia, rhinitis, purulent nasal discharge
CNS: seizures (like chewing gum), muscle twitches, ataxia, hyperesthesia, paresis
what clinical signs are often seen in survivors of CDV?
hardening of footpads and nose (hyperkeratosis), enamel hypoplasia (because in most cases a puppy has a fever while enamel is developing)
how can you diagnose CDV?
complete blood count (CBC) since CDV causes intracytoplamis inclusions to develop in RBCs, and radiographs to check extent of pneumonia
what is the incubation period of CDV?
3-21 days
what treatments and nursing care is used for patients with CDV?
IVF, isolation, clean away nasal/ocular discharge, antibiotics so second infection can’t occur
what is the prognosis for CDV?
50% morality rate but depends on strain
patients can develop life-long CNS signs that may become fatal
what body systems does CPV infect?
GI system and lympathic system
is CPV an enveloped or non-enveloped virus?
non-enveloped which makes it very hard to kill when it is in the environment
what is a common signalment for victims of CPV?
6-24 week old puppies, non vaccinated
what are the top 3 breeds that are predisposed to CPV?
Doberman Pinschers, Rottweilers, and American Pitbull terriers
how is CPV transmitted?
fecal-oral, fomites
what is the incubation period of CPV?
4-14 days
what are the common clinical signs seen in patients with CPV?
diarrhea (profuse, liquid, hemorrhagic, distinct metallic odor), vomiting, anorexia, depression, extreme dehydration, sudden onset lethargy, rapid weight loss
how does CPV travel through the different body systems?
- virus ingested
- lymph nodes
- blood circulation
- bone marrow
- crypt cells in small intestine (kills them which kills off the villi and stops nutrients from being absorbed which causes diarrhea)
how can you diagnose CPV?
ELISA test (only works sometimes because it only scans for antigens and the antigens could be dead or inactivated already if the body is fighting), CBC because WBCs decrease
what treatments and nursing care is used for patients with CPV?
IVF, anti-emetics, antibiotics, analgesics, isolation, monitor for dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
what is the prognosis for CPV?
guarded in severely affected puppies, good for puppies treated promptly
what would you tell the owner of a patient with CPV about?
disinfection of their house/wherever the dog has been: bleach 5% sodium hypochlorite at dilation of 1:32 with 10-15 min contact time, isolate puppies if possible until 3 months and vaccinate, CPV is shed <2 weeks after infection
how can you prevent CPV?
modified live vaccine at 8, 12, and 16 weeks and can do an additional vaccine at 24 weeks too for predisposed breeds, take caution with puppies until after at least 2 vaccines
what family is CPV from?
parvovirus
what family is CAV1 from?
adenovirus
what is another name for canine adenovirus?
infectious hepatitis
what body systems does CAV1 affect?
liver, eyes, endothelium (cells that line blood vessels)
what is a common signalment for victims of CAV1?
< 1 year puppies, unvaccinated
what is the incubation period of CAV1?
4-9 days
how is CAV1 transmitted?
ingest infected urine, feces, saliva or infected respiratory secretions
what is the order of the body systems CAV1 affects?
- enters through oronasal cavity
- viremia (virus in blood circulation)
- liver
what are the common clinical signs of CAV1?
fever (>104 F), vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, depression, abdominal pain/distention (enlarged), pale/petechia/icteric mm, tonsilitis, sudden death that mimics poisoning, seizures, coma, blue eye
what is blue eye and often does it develop in CAV1 patients?
corneal edema that develops in 20% of patients and usually develops 4-6 days after infection
how is CAV1 diagnosed?
bloodwork, radiographs, liver biopsy, viral culture
what treatments and nursing care is used for CAV1 patients?
IVF, isolation, blood transfusion, antibiotics, frequent feeding, restrict activity, nutritional support
what family is rabies part of?
rhabdovirus
is rabies zoonotic?
yes
what body system is affected by rabies?
nervous system
what is the prognosis for rabies?
almost 100% morality rate once clinical signs start showing
how is rabies transmitted?
infected saliva and can rarely be transmitted through mucous membranes too
because rabies can sometimes appear differently depending on the animal what is a good rule for suspecting an animal might have rabies?
if the animal has rapidly progressive neurological changes especially if the animal isn’t vaccinated
what are the 3 phases of rabies and what clinical signs occur at each phase?
phase 1: prodromal phase (2-3 days)- fever, reflex delay, behavior changes, chewing at site of bite, stop eating/drinking, seek solitude
phase 2: furious/aggressive phase (2-4 days after phase 1)- irritability, restlessness, weird bark tone, ataxia, seizures, biting/attacking random objects for no reason, unexpected roaming
phase 3: paralytic/dumb phase (2-4 days after phase 2)- paralysis, seizures, pharyngeal and masseter paralysis, depression, coma, death due to respiratory paralysis
how do you diagnose rabies?
the only way to diagnose rabies is to do a fluorescent rabies antibody test (FRA) which involves examining the brain tissue after death, intracytoplasmic inclusions called Negri bodies will be present in infected brain tissue
how can you prevent rabies?
killed virus vaccinations, disinfect environment with bleach 1:32 with contact time of at least 10-15 minutes
what treatment is given to animals that are suspected to have rabies?
strict 10 day isolation, minimal handling that is only done by trained professionals, signs clearly posted on kennel and outside of room that there is an animal suspected of having rabies, locked runs/cage doors if possible, animal monitored for mood or attitude changes
unvaccinated animals bitten by a known rabid animal must be quarantined for up to 6 months
when can an animal start getting their rabies vaccine?
in IL animals get their first vaccine at 16 weeks, 1 year after, and then every 3 years
some states start as early as 12 weeks
what is the protocol for entering a rabies-free country with an animal?
the animal must be quarantined for a minimum of 6 months
what type of disease is Leptospirosis?
zoonotic bacterial
what genus does Leptospirosis belong to?
Leptospira
what body systems does Leptospirosis affect?
the kidneys and then goes to liver
what type of weather typically causes an increase in Lepto cases?
warm weather
what are the CS of Lepto?
fever, anorexia, dehydration, vomiting, coagulation defects, enlarged lymph nodes/tonsils, PUPD, change in urine output that typically is excessive early on and then stops completely as the infection gets more severe, lethargy, jaundice, changes in breathing pattern
how is Lepto transmitted?
infected urine, fomites, infected standing water
how many strains of Lepto are there?
9 different serovars
how do you diagnose Lepto?
general biochemistries, CBC, urinalysis, PCR and serology tests
what would show up in the different diagnostic tests that would indicate that the animal is infected with Lepto?
general biochemistry/CBC: azotemia, elevated AST, ALT, ALKphos, and bilirubin
urinalysis: proteinuria, pyuria, bilirubinuria, isosthenuria
PCR/serology: check for serovars not present in vaccination
what treatment is used for Lepto?
antibiotics (doxycycline), PPE (goggles), restrict activity, nutritional support
how can you prevent Lepto?
getting vaccines at 12 weeks old: 2 vaccine series then get revaccinated annually, avoid letting dogs drink from puddles, lakes, ponds, creeks, etc
what diseases are included under the Canine Respiratory Disease Complex?
Parainfluenza, Bordetella bronchiseptica, influenza, canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV)
what type of disease is Parainfluenza?
viral
what is the most predominant respiratory disease?
parainfluenza
what are the clinical signs of parainfluenza?
coughing, sneezing, low grade fever, lethargy, serous nasal discharge, pneumonia secondary infection
how is parainfluenza transmitted?
aerosols, direct contact
how can parainfluenza be prevented?
IN vaccine (can be combined with Bordetella)
what is the incubation period for parainfluenza?
5-7 days
what type of disease is Bordetella bronchiseptica?
bacterial
what body system does Bordetella bronchiseptica affect?
respiratory system
kills tracheal cilia
how is Bordetella bronchiseptica transmitted?
aerosol and direct contact
when is the Bordetella vaccine recommended to pet owners?
if their dog will be commingling with other dogs
what are the clinical signs of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
dry non-productive cough that has a seal like sound, tracheal palpation easily elicits cough
severe form of disease can cause a productive wet cough, anorexia, fever, depression, naso-ocular discharge
what is the incubation period of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
2-14 days
most don’t show clinical signs until 14 days though
how can you prevent Bordetella bronchiseptica?
IN or SQ vaccine
IN vaccine: revaccinate yearly
SQ vaccine: 2 vaccine series
buccal: no booster, like IN
how long after getting a Bordetella vaccine will the dog have immunity?
IN: fastest, 3-5 days
SQ: 7-10 days
buccal: 3-5 days
how is Bordetella bronchiseptica treated?
antibiotics (doxycycline), cough suppressants, tranquilizers if needed
how long will Bordetella symptoms last?
until tracheal cilia grow back which takes 3-4 weeks
what are the different types of influenza?
H3N2: avian origin
H3N8: equine origin (only affects horses)
how is influenza transmitted?
aerosol, fomites, direct contact
what is the incubation period for influenza?
2-4 days
what are the clinical signs of influenza?
thick ropey ocular/nasal discharge, persistent dry hacking cough, fever, lethargy, decreased appetite
how is influenza diagnosed?
PCR test by nasal swab
how is influenza treated?
supportive care, antibiotics, NSAIDs, IVF, isolation for at least 21 days if showing clinical signs
how can influenza be prevented?
vaccines: 2 vaccine series, then revaccinate annually
what are the 2 forms of canine coronavirus?
canine coronavirus (CCoV) and canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV)
what animals can be infected with canine coronavirus?
only dogs, any breeds or ages, typically is more severe in young dogs
how does canine coronavirus infect the dog?
it is a self-limiting virus so the dog will be sick for a few days and then overcome it
what is a main clinical sign for each form of canine coronavirus?
CCoV: diarrhea
CRCoV: coughing
how is canine coronavirus diagnosed?
PCR/viral isolation for CCoV
no reliable tests for CRCoV
how is canine coronavirus treated?
most dogs recover on their own, IVF can be administered if needed, treatment can be given for upper respiratory infection (URI) in CRCoV
what is another name for Borellia burgdorferi?
lyme disease
how is borellia burgdorferi transmitted?
vector borne through deer ticks, mice can also carry
what is required for a tick to infect a dog with borellia burgdorferi?
24 hour attachment to feed off dog
