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Small animal nursing > Dermatological > Flashcards

Dermatological Flashcards

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1
Q

what is included in dermatological anatomy?

A

skin, fur, and nails

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2
Q

what are the skin’s functions?

A

protection, environmental protection, regulate temperature, produce pigment/ vitamin D, sensory

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3
Q

epidermis

A

most superficial skin layer, made up of cell layers, most layers are filled with keratin which protects the inner layers of the skin

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4
Q

dermis

A

middle skin layer, provides strength to the skin

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5
Q

fatty layer

A

most inner layer of skin, connects dermis to underlying muscles

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6
Q

what is the different between human and dog skin?

A

human skin is more acidic, dog skin has a pH of 7 while human skin has a pH of 5, dogs also have a thinner epithelium

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7
Q

apocrine sweat gland

A

oily secretions, empty into hair follicle, associated with haired skin

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8
Q

eccrine sweat gland

A

connect to skin surface, associated with non-haired skin

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9
Q

sebaceous sweat gland

A

contain sebum, associated with haired skin

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10
Q

where are animals’ sweat glands located?

A

paw pads and nose

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11
Q

what are the two classifications of skin lesions?

A

primary: disease causes lesions
secondary: something else causes lesions

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12
Q

what are the CS of dermatitis?

A

pruritic, erythema (redness), heat to an area

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13
Q

superficial dermatitis

A

“hot spot”, “acute moist dermatitis”; affects head, face, limbs, hips; blows up overnight

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14
Q

flea allergy dermatitis (FAD)

A

caused by an allergy to antigens found in flea saliva, causes intense pruritis

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15
Q

atopic dermatitis

A

caused by an allergy to an environmental thing or something inhaled/ ingested; affects 5 Fs: face, feet, folds, friction points, flexure points; 90% of cases are caused by allergy to something inhaled/environmental allergies; only 10% of cases are food allergies

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16
Q

pododermatitis

A

inflammation of skin of feet; CS: edematous (swelling), erythematous, pruritis

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17
Q

abscess

A

cellular fluid accumulation that is walled off, CS: edematous, erythematous, heat

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18
Q

papule

A

small raised lesion, <1cm, looks like a solid pimple or swelling, often forming part of a rash and typically inflamed but not pus producing, seen with infections and environmental/ contact allergies

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19
Q

plaque

A

flat elevation, >1cm, like an enlarged papule

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20
Q

pustule

A

small blister/ pimple containing pus, linked with skin infections and skin parasites

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21
Q

comedones

A

blackheads, caused by hair follicle being blocked and sebum can’t escape, linked with demodex (type of mite) and exocrine disease

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22
Q

macules and patch

A

flat non-palpable change in skin color, macule: <1cm, patch: >1cm

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23
Q

vesicle

A

small fluid-containing blister within epidermis

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24
Q

bulla

A

large >1cm acellular fluid-containing blister that extends into the dermis

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25
Q

erosion

A

break in continuity of epidermis that doesn’t penetrate basement membrane

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26
Q

ulcer

A

break in continuity of epidermis that penetrates basement membrane

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27
Q

decubital ulcer

A

ulcers formed by pressure on bony prominences, often occur in recumbent patients, similar to bed sores in humans

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28
Q

excoriation

A

self-induced injury to skin due to moderate-severe pruritis

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29
Q

wheal

A

flat elevation caused by edema, causes swelling in the dermis, resolves on their own, linked to bug bites and reactions

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30
Q

urticaria

A

multiple wheals/ hives present

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31
Q

cyst

A

sac containing fluid or solid material, has a cystic lining that must be completely removed so the cyst doesn’t come back

32
Q

nodule

A

typically >1cm, deep solid accumulation of cells

33
Q

tumor

A

abnormal uncontrolled tissue growth, can be benign or malignant, can affect cutaneous or subcutaneous

34
Q

scales

A

increase in keratinocytes that produce thin fragments, seen with walking dandruff and inflammation

35
Q

crusts

A

dried out pustule or exudate that oozed through epidermis, can be associated with chronic skin infections`

36
Q

collarette

A

circular lesion with circular rim of scales and/or peeling edge, footprint of a pustule

37
Q

alopecia

A

hair loss

38
Q

what are the different types of alopecia?

A

multi-focal/patchy (patches of hair loss), diffuse partial (affects scalp in general distribution), generalized complete (little to no hair left)

39
Q

which type of alopecia can be an early sign of FAD?

A

diffuse partial

40
Q

alopecia X

A

trunk and body naked but fur is still on head and feet, often comorbid with pigmentation issues

41
Q

seasonal flank alopecia

A

hair loss linked with change in season and day cycle, is bilateral (affects both sides), common in boxers

42
Q

lichenification

A

thickened skin, result of chronic trauma to skin, can occur anywhere there’s epithelium (often ears and abdomen), common in Westies

43
Q

fissure

A

linear tear that extends through epidermis into dermis

44
Q

seborrhea

A

increased scale formation, excessive greasiness and stinks, treat with anti-seborrhea shampoo

45
Q

what is an important PPE needed for dermatological procedures?

A

gloves

46
Q

what equipment is used to do a skin scraping?

A

10 scalpel, glass microscope slide, mineral oil

47
Q

how do you do a skin scraping?

A
  1. dull blade
  2. 1-2 drops of mineral oil on slide and dip blade in oil
  3. pinch and roll skin
  4. hold blade between thumb and pointer finger
  5. using 30 degree angle quickly scrape skin against grain of fur
  6. continue until capillary destruction/ blood
  7. wipe on slide
48
Q

sarcoptic mange

A

sarcoptes scabiei mite
wide and superficial, for skin scraping focus on crusts, papules, areas of alopecia, and areas of intense pruritis
located on elbows, ears, and ventral trunk

49
Q

demodectic mange

A

demodicosis (demodex sp.)
for skin scrape: deep, reroll skin
located on face (around mouth, eyes, forelimbs), seen in stressed, immunocompromised animals, and before heat, CS: patchy alopecia, erythema, scales, comedones

50
Q

what equipment is needed for a cellophane tape test?

A

clear cellophane tape and a microscope slide

51
Q

how do you do a cellophane tape test?

A
  1. part hair
  2. stick 1”-2” piece of tape on area
  3. put on slide and examine under microscope
52
Q

cheyletiella mites

A

“walking dandruff”
zoonotic, affects cats and rabbits, CS: scales, erythema, alopecia

53
Q

what usually causes dermatitis?

A

bacteria

54
Q

how do you take a bacterial skin culture?

A

clip hair around pustule, cleanse clipped area with 70% alcohol, let skin dry completely, insert swab into pustule after puncturing with #11 blade or 22G needle, inoculate material into culture media, cleanse open pustule with 70% alcohol

55
Q

what type of lesion is a bacterial skin culture collected from?

A

purulent lesion

56
Q

what test is used to take a fungal culture?

A

dermatophyte test medium (DTM)

57
Q

what materials are needed for a bacterial skin culture?

A

cotton soaked in 70% alcohol, culture media, 22G sterile needle or scalpel blade #11

58
Q

how do you perform a fungal culture?

A

cleanse edge of lesion with cotton moistened with water, scrape or pluck several hairs from edge of lesion, inoculate dermatophyte culture medium with hairs by tapping hairs on surface of medium, place cover on but not too tight, incubate at room temperature and check daily for growth for 10-21 days

59
Q

what is important to know about fungal growth and how does it relate to storage of a fungal culture?

A

fungi grow with air and in dark places so make sure to not close the lid of the medium too tightly and keep it in a dark cabinet at room temperature

60
Q

ringworm

A

fungi
lives off keratin and hair
CS: patchy alopecia, scales, crusts, mild pruritis

61
Q

what are the 3 species of ringworm?

A

microsporum gypseum, microsporum canis, trychophyton mentagrophytes

62
Q

order the 3 species of ringworm from which makes up most cases to least cases

A

microsporum canis 70%
microsporum gypseum 20%
trychophyton mentagrophytes 10%

63
Q

what are the two types of fine-needle biopsy?

A

fine-needle aspiration and fine-needle capillary sampling

64
Q

what materials do you need for a FNA?

A

20-22G needle length usually 1-1.5”, 3-6 mL syringe, EDTA, 70% alcohol soaked gauze, microscope slides

65
Q

what is an EDTA?

A

an acid that is put in blood tubes because it is an anticoagulant

66
Q

how do you perform an FNA?

A

prepare, stabilize the area, insert needle, aspirate and release plunger, redirect, aspirate and release plunger, repeat this at least 4 times, remove syringe, detach needle, retract plunger and fill syringe with air, reattach needle and blow contents onto slide

67
Q

what lesions are an FNA good for?

A

dense lesions that are highly cellular, lesions with low blood supply, fluid filled lesions

68
Q

when should fine-needle capillary sampling be used?

A

for lesions that are suspected to be highly vascular (high blood supply) and when pressure could rupture the cells
if taking a biopsy of a lymph node always use fine-needle capillary sampling

69
Q

how do you perform a fine-needle capillary sampling?

A

prepare, stabilize the area, insert needle only (no syringe attached), aspirate and redirect, repeat at. least 4 times, remove, attach air-filled syringe to needle, blow contents onto slide

70
Q

what are the two types of skin biopses?

A

punch biopsy and cutaneous wedge biopsy

71
Q

what are punch biopsies measured in?

A

mm

72
Q

who does skin biopsies?

A

DVM only

73
Q

what tool is used for a punch biopsy?

A

Keyes punch biopsy

74
Q

what type of sample is taken from a punch biopsy?

A

small sample of full thickness

75
Q

how do you perform a punch biopsy?

A

prep, press punch biopsy to site and rotate until entire skin is punctured, remove punch from site and hold pressure to stop bleeding, pull specimen out if needed, blot specimen on paper to remove excess blood, make impression smear, suture skin incision

76
Q

how do you perform a cutaneous wedge biopsy?

A

anesthetize skin, perform bread loafing (slice the skin like slices of bread into 5mm sections)

77
Q

what is cutaneous wedge biopsy used for?

A

deeper lesions

Small animal nursing (11 decks)

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