Immunity and drug testing

Question 1

4 varieties of pathogens and the disease they cause

Answer 1

Virus - HIV, tobacco mosaic, measles
Bacteria - salmonella, gonorrhoea
Protists - malaria
Fungi- rose black spots

Question 2

Defence of pathogens in the body

Answer 2

Stomach acid
Skin
Nasal hair
Mucus

Question 3

Phagocytosis

Answer 3

Engulf pathogens

Question 4

Antibodies and antitoxins

Answer 4

Bind to antigens ( foreign molecules)
Antibodies such as lymphocytes ( which are a specific shape) bind to the antigens on the pathogen
Antibodies are produced by the lymphocytes, bind to toxins

Question 5

What actually makes you feel ill ?

Answer 5

The toxins that are released from pathogens

Question 6

What’s a memory cell

Answer 6

These are left behind (remain) so if reinfected, they will produce antibodies faster and in higher numbers.

Basis for a vaccine

Question 7

Process of trialing a new drug

Answer 7

Preclinical trials- rodents/cells for , toxicity
Clinical trials:
. Healthy volunteers
. People with disease ( small no. ) toxicity and dosage, efficacy
. Large scales double blind trial ( placebos and stuff)