Immunity

Question 1

Facts about red blood cells…

Answer 1

Made in the bone marrow
Each live 120 days
No nucleus or mitochondria

Question 2

Facts about white blood cells….

Answer 2

Less than 1% of the blood volume
Amount increases when there’s an infection
Enter the tissues by diapedesis
Moved by chemotaxis

Question 3

NEVER LET MONKEYS EAT BANANAS

Answer 3

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes 
Monocytes 
Eosinophils 
Basophils

Question 4

What are neutrophils?

Answer 4

They are phagocytes
Active against bacteria
Active against some fungi
Respiratory burst

Question 5

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 5

Classed as T or B cells

Question 6

What are monocytes?

Answer 6

The largest white blood cell
When in tissues they become macrophages
Assist lymphocytes in action

Question 7

What is an eosinophils?

Answer 7

Contain non-specific enzymes
Important in destroying worms
Reduce allergy severity

Question 8

What are basophils?

Answer 8

Their cytoplasm contain large granules with histamine in them

Question 9

What are platelets?

Answer 9

Play a role in blood clotting

Question 10

What is haemostasis?

Answer 10

Very complex and strictly controlled process

• vascular spasm
• platelets plug
• coagulation

Question 11

Steps of haemostasis…

Answer 11

1 - vascular spasm - vessel constricts to limit blood loss
2 - platelet plug - platelets arrive and stick to the exposed collagen fibres
3 - coagulation process - converts inactive proteins to active forms and forms blood clots

Question 12

List 6 blood disorders

Answer 12

Anaemia
Polycythemia 
Leukaemia 
Thrombocytopenia 
Sickle cells disease 
Haemophilia

Question 13

How is specific immunity achieved?

Answer 13

Active - immune system has done the work
Passive - given to us
Natural - course of life
Induced - vaccination

Question 14

What are antigens?

Answer 14

Molecules on the outside of the plasma membrane
Enable cells to be recognised
Each person has a unique pattern

Question 15

List the different types of blood cells….

Answer 15

White - leukocyte
Red - erythrocytes
Platelets- thrombocytes

Question 16

What are granulocytes?

Answer 16

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 17

What are agranulocytes?

Answer 17

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Question 18

What are T & B lymphocytes?

Answer 18

B lymphocytes can make direct contact with the antigen

T lymphocytes have to had the antigen presented to it

Question 19

What is antigen presentation?

Answer 19

The antigen is displayed on the surface of another cells plasma membrane
Any cell that has this function is called an antigen

Question 20

List the different antibodies from the B cells… MADGE

Answer 20

Immunoglobulins- proteins that bind to antigens 
IgM - initial response to antigens 
IgA - present in all body secretions 
IgD - bound to B cells 
IgG - most abundant 
IgE - inflammatory response

Question 21

What is non-specific immunity?

Answer 21

Also known as innate immunity 
First line of defence 
Takes several days 
Uses lymphocytes 
Consists of: 
- surface membrane barriers 
- chemical and immune cells

Question 22

What are surface membranes barriers?

Answer 22

Intact skin creates a barrier to pathogens
Acidic pH of the skin inhibits bacterial growth
Intact mucous membrane forms a barrier to micro-organisms
Mucous traps micro-organisms
Cilia then transports the debris away from the lower respiratory tract
Goblet cells produce mucous to fight infection

Question 23

What are cellular defences?

Answer 23

Tissues
Organs
Cells
Phagocytes surround and engulf pathogens
Neutropenia is a low level of neutrophils

Question 24

What are natural killer cells (NK)?

Answer 24

Found in the blood and lymph
Act by releasing chemicals called perforins
An inflammatory response that prevents toxic agents

Question 25

What is inflammation?

Answer 25

Occurs following physical trauma 
4 signs:
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain

Question 26

What is inflammatory soup?

Answer 26

Range of chemicals are released
Increase blood supply
Increase permeability
All of this allows leukocytes to go to the damaged tissue

Question 27

List the different inflammatory chemicals…

Answer 27

Kinins - make chemotaxis and cause pain
Prostaglandins- trigger free radical production and cause pain
Platelet derived growth factor - stimulates fibroblasts activity and repairs damaged tissues

Question 28

List the different chemical defences…

Answer 28

Interferons - anti viral, stimulate immune system
Complement - increase inflammatory response and pathogenic immune cells
Pathogenic cells - neutrophils
Lyses - breaking down