Immunity

Question 1

What is active immunisation?

Answer 1

Foreign antigens trigger an immune response thatcreates immunological memory

Question 2

What is the difference between the 1st and 2nd exposure to the same antigens in adaptive immunity?

Answer 2

The 1st response is slower

Question 3

What is the difference between natural and artificial immunity?

Answer 3

Natural- individual creates their own antibodies

Artificial- individual is given a vaccination

Question 4

What is passive immunisation?

Answer 4

It is an innate response that is quick and immediate. It does not create immunological memory

Question 5

What are the types of active vaccines?

Answer 5

Live organism, killed organism, toxoid, recombinant and conjugate

Question 6

What are the examples of live organism vaccines?

Answer 6

MMR and BCG

Question 7

What is a recombinant?

Answer 7

The antigens are genetically altered, as the antigen coding gene is removed and placed in a yeast chromosome

Question 8

What is a conjugate?

Answer 8

A protein that micro-organism that have carbohydrate organisms bind to in order to be more likely detected

Question 9

What are the 2 different types of passive vaccinations?

Answer 9

Human normal immunoglobulin and human specific immunoglobulin

Question 10

What is human normal immunoglobulin?

Answer 10

A vaccine that contains all antibodies and is produced form an unselected pull of blood donors

Question 11

What is human specific immunoglobulin?

Answer 11

A vaccine that is produced from selected blood donors which have a high antibody level against the target organism

Question 12

What is a vaccine?

Answer 12

The administration of antigenic material which stimulates an individual’s immune response in order to create adaptive immunity against a pathogen

Question 13

What are the 2 different types of vaccine contra-indications?

Answer 13

Temporary and permanent

Question 14

What are the temporary contra-indications?

Answer 14

Febrile illness (symptoms of a fever) and pregnancy (can’t be given live attenuated vaccines)

Question 15

What are the permanent contra-indications?

Answer 15

Allergy and being immunocompromised

Question 16

What does it mean if an individual is immunocompromised?

Answer 16

They may develop a disease to the vaccine strains of a live attenuated vaccine

Question 17

What causes an immune response?

Answer 17

Bacteria, viruses, heat, toxins and traumas

Question 18

What is herd immunity?

Answer 18

If the majority of a population have been immunised then the likelihood of a non-immune individual to come into contact with an infected individual is reduced

Question 19

What is the function of herd immunity?

Answer 19

To reduce the spread of disease

Question 20

When are children most vulnerable?

Answer 20

When they are younger than 18-24 months old. They are most vulnerable to encapsulated bacteria

Question 21

What is the difference between an adult’s immune response than a child’s?

Answer 21

A child’s response has not yet fully developed and lacks follicular dendritic cells and B cells. They also can’t express costimulatory molecules and the production of antibodies is short

Question 22

What are the types of vaccines for travellers?

Answer 22

Typhoid, Cholera, Hepatitis A, Yellow fever, Rabies, Neisseria Meningitis serogroups (A, C , W135 and Y) and encephalitis (Japanese and Tick-bone)