Immunity Flashcards
What is active immunisation?
Foreign antigens trigger an immune response thatcreates immunological memory
What is the difference between the 1st and 2nd exposure to the same antigens in adaptive immunity?
The 1st response is slower
What is the difference between natural and artificial immunity?
Natural- individual creates their own antibodies
Artificial- individual is given a vaccination
What is passive immunisation?
It is an innate response that is quick and immediate. It does not create immunological memory
What are the types of active vaccines?
Live organism, killed organism, toxoid, recombinant and conjugate
What are the examples of live organism vaccines?
MMR and BCG
What is a recombinant?
The antigens are genetically altered, as the antigen coding gene is removed and placed in a yeast chromosome
What is a conjugate?
A protein that micro-organism that have carbohydrate organisms bind to in order to be more likely detected
What are the 2 different types of passive vaccinations?
Human normal immunoglobulin and human specific immunoglobulin
What is human normal immunoglobulin?
A vaccine that contains all antibodies and is produced form an unselected pull of blood donors
What is human specific immunoglobulin?
A vaccine that is produced from selected blood donors which have a high antibody level against the target organism
What is a vaccine?
The administration of antigenic material which stimulates an individual’s immune response in order to create adaptive immunity against a pathogen
What are the 2 different types of vaccine contra-indications?
Temporary and permanent
What are the temporary contra-indications?
Febrile illness (symptoms of a fever) and pregnancy (can’t be given live attenuated vaccines)
What are the permanent contra-indications?
Allergy and being immunocompromised
What does it mean if an individual is immunocompromised?
They may develop a disease to the vaccine strains of a live attenuated vaccine
What causes an immune response?
Bacteria, viruses, heat, toxins and traumas
What is herd immunity?
If the majority of a population have been immunised then the likelihood of a non-immune individual to come into contact with an infected individual is reduced
What is the function of herd immunity?
To reduce the spread of disease
When are children most vulnerable?
When they are younger than 18-24 months old. They are most vulnerable to encapsulated bacteria
What is the difference between an adult’s immune response than a child’s?
A child’s response has not yet fully developed and lacks follicular dendritic cells and B cells. They also can’t express costimulatory molecules and the production of antibodies is short
What are the types of vaccines for travellers?
Typhoid, Cholera, Hepatitis A, Yellow fever, Rabies, Neisseria Meningitis serogroups (A, C , W135 and Y) and encephalitis (Japanese and Tick-bone)
