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Principles of Disease > Hypersensitivity & Autoimmunity > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity & Autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is an allergy?

A

A hypersensitive B lymphocyte reaction to usually harmless antigens. It is a multi-factorial function and B cells inappropriately produce IgE and Th cells are misdirected

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2
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of hypersensitivity?

A

Type I, Type II, Type III and Type IV

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3
Q

What is Type I hypersensitivity?

A

It is an immediate mechanism, which is an allergy. The body recognises an environmental antigen as a pathogen and produces IgE which triggers a mast cell response.

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4
Q

What is the most common type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type I

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5
Q

What is IgE?

A

It is an antibody produced by humans that binds to eosinophils, basophils and mast cells. It has a specific structure of an extra peptide sequence

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6
Q

What is Type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Antibodies bind to antigens on its own surface or fixed into tissues. Antibodies are produced and it is IgG and IgM mediated

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7
Q

What is the function of IgG and IgM?

A

They trigger the complement system which leads to cell lysis

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8
Q

What causes Type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Miss-matched blood transfusions and rhesus antigens

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9
Q

What is Type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

The formation of complexes which are clumps of antibodies that have stuck together. This is a result of pathological conditions, which includes the problems with the antigens or host response

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10
Q

What are small complexes?

A

Low concentration of antibodies couples to high concentrations of antigens

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11
Q

What is Type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

It is a delayed mechanism that starts to produce cytokines as a result of CD4 Th1 cells recognising foreign antigens.

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12
Q

What does Type 4 hypersensitivity lead to?

A

The inflammatory response

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13
Q

What is involved in the early phase response of the Type 1 mechanism?

A

Mast cell mediators (histamine, heparin and chemotactic factors). It is a quick response, lasting only minutes

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14
Q

What is involved in the late phase response of the Type 1 mechanism?

A

Newly synthesised mediators, Th2 cytokines and eosinophil mediators. This response lasts for hours

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15
Q

In what type of mechanism is the the immune complex formed?

A

Type 3

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of immune complex formation?

A

Localised and Systematic

17
Q

What does localised immune complex formation cause?

A

Localised inflammation that can be cleared away by macrophages

18
Q

What does systematic immune complex formation cause?

A

Complexes that are deposited in tissues and organs e.g. skin, kidneys and BVs

19
Q

What type of mechanism is autoimmune disease?

A

Type 3

20
Q

What is autoimmune disease?

A

It is a large group of clinical disorders that are characterised by tissue or organ damage. It is mediated by incorrect immune mechanisms at self-antogens

21
Q

What is failed as a result of autoimmune disease?

A

Tolerance

22
Q

What causes autoimmune disease?

A

Genetic factors, Immune regulatory factors, Hormonal factors, Environmental factors and Other factors

23
Q

What are immune regulatory factors?

A

Defects of peripheral or central tolerance

24
Q

What are the 3 organ specific areas that are affected by autoimmune disease?

A

Thyroid, Stomach and Adrenal organs

25
Q

What are the types of autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Primary myxoedema and Thyrotoxicosis

26
Q

What are the types of autoimmune disease that affects the stomach?

A

Pernicious anaemia

27
Q

What are the types of autoimmune disease that affects the adrenal organs?

A

Addison’s disease

28
Q

What are the 4 non-organ specific areas affected by autoimmune disease?

A

Muscles, Skin, Kidneys and Joints

29
Q

What are the types of autoimmune disease that affects the muscles?

A

Dermatomyositis

30
Q

What are the types of autoimmune disease that affects the skin?

A

Scleroderma

31
Q

What are the types of autoimmune disease that affects the kidneys?

A

SLE

32
Q

What are the types of autoimmune disease that affects the joints?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

33
Q

What is a hapten?

A

Lower molecular weight agent where the immune reposes is targeted

Principles of Disease (8 decks)

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