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Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

A specific inflammatory process that is ongoing

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2
Q

Does all chronic inflammation derive follow on from acute inflammation?

A

No

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3
Q

How does it arise?

A

As a primary pathology

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4
Q

What are the characteristics?

A

Malaise, weight loss and loss of function

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5
Q

Is there a specific sore area?

A

No

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6
Q

What causes weight loss?

A

TB

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7
Q

What causes a loss of function?

A

Autoimmune disease, Crohn’s diseases and leprosy

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8
Q

What are the cell types involved?

A

Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Plasma cells and Fibroblasts

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9
Q

What is the structure of lymphocytes?

A

Small and round

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10
Q

What are the different types of lymphocytes and what is their function?

A

T cells produce cytokines, while B cells facilitate the immune response

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11
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

They create an immune response and memory

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12
Q

What activates macrophages?

A

B cells

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13
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

They undergo phagocytosis in order to help produce the immune response and remove debris

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14
Q

How do macrophages help produce the immune response?

A

By presenting the antigens

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15
Q

What do macrophages contain?

A

Enzymes e.g. lysosomes

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16
Q

How long do macrophages last?

A

A long time

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17
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

They are differentiated B cells

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18
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

They produce antibodies

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19
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

They are motile cells that are metabolically active that produce and assemble structural proteins e.g. collagen

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20
Q

What are the 2 major causes of chronic inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation and a primary lesion

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21
Q

Hows does chronic inflammation arise from an acute inflammation?

A

When there is a large volume of damage and the debris can’t be removed so it does not get resolved

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22
Q

What does arising from acute inflammation cause?

A

Acne, Cholecystitis, Peptic ulcer and Osteomyelitis

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23
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Chronic inflammation that affects the marrow spaces between the bones

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24
Q

Can you get chronic inflammation without an immune response?

A

Yes

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25
Can you get an immune response without chronic inflammation?
No
26
What are the characteristics of inflammation arising from a primary lesion?
No acute phase, can only see lesion, nothing specific and occurs over a long period of time
27
What causes inflammation to occur from a primary lesion?
Autoimmunal disorder, cellular digestion resistance, exogenous and endogenous substances and granulomatous inflammation
28
What are exogenous substances?
A substance that is active inside an organism but it is not from there e.g. sutures
29
What are endogenous substances?
A substance that originates in the organism e.g. keratin
30
Is granulomatous inflammation and granulation tissue the same thing?
No
31
What organises chronic inflammation?
Granulation tissue
32
What are the effects of chronic inflammation?
Fibrosis, Granuloma formation and Rheumatoid disease
33
What happens when scarring occurs in the lungs?
The size of the lung is decreased so it is harder to breath
34
What is the effect of rheumatoid disease?
Loss of finger function
35
How is granulation tissue formed?
Capillaries grow into inflammatory mass and access plasma proteins e.g. macrophages and fibroblasts
36
What is the function of fibroblasts?
They lay down collagen and repair damaged tissue
37
What is the function of collagen?
It replaces the inflammatory exudate and fills the whole which replaces the dead or narcotic tissue
38
What happens to collagen over time?
It contracts and the collagen cross-links pull together and tighten which forms a scar
39
What does granulation tissue contain?
Macrophages, fibroblasts and osteoblasts
40
How is granulomatous inflammation characterised?
By the presence of granulomas
41
What stimulates granulomatous inflammation?
Indigestible antigens that the body can't get rid of
42
What are the effects of granulomatous inflammation
Serious diseases and idiopathic diseases
43
What are granulomas?
Aggregates of epithelioid macrophages (macrophages which look like epithelial cells)
44
What do granulomas contain?
Neutrophils, eosinophils and maybe giant cells
45
What do granulomas surround?
Dead material
46
What may surround granulomas?
Lymphocytes
47
What type of reaction to granulomas cause?
Cell-mediated hypertensive reaction
48
What are giant cells?
They are a fusion of epithelioid macrophages
49
What is the function of giant cells?
They proliferate macrophages
50
What are the characteristics of giant cells?
They have a large cytoplasm and multiple nuclei
51
What are the 2 different types of giant cells?
Langhas and Foreign body
52
How are the nuclei arranged in langhas giant cells?
Peripherally
53
What is the function of foreign body giant cells?
Ingestion of foreign material and adds pus to granulation tissue
54
What type of response occurs in foreign body giant cells?
Only inflammatory, no immune response
55
What are the 3 examples of granulomatous diseases?
TB, leprosy and syphilis
56
Those with TB may also have?
HIV
57
Is TB gender specific?
No, but it's mostly males that are affected
58
What are tubercles?
Areas infected by TB
59
What surrounds dead tissue?
Macrophages, giant cells and lymphocytes
60
What cures TB?
Red rods
61
What is leprosy?
Disfiguration as peripheral nerves are attacked due to granulomas inflammation
62
What is used to treat leprosy?
A combination of drugs which kills the pathogen
63
What is syphilis?
A treatable STD that progresses through many stages
64
What are the 3 examples of non-infective granulomas?
Rheumatoid disease, Sarcoidosis (respiratory disorder) and Crohn's disease
65
What is wound healing?
The process by which tissue damage is repaired by the formation of granulation tissue
66
What proceeds wound healing?
A phase of acute inflammation
67
What type of angiogenesis is involved in wound healing?
Local angiogenesis
68
What are the 2 different types of wound healing?
Healing by primary intention (surgical) and healing by secondary intention (for larger defects)
69
What are the characteristics of healing with primary intention?
Minimal gap, small amount of granulation tissue and a small linear scar
70
What are the characteristics of healing with a secondary intention?
Lots of granulation tissue, contraction and scarring
71
What is fracture healing?
The healing of bone, which involves the same principles as healing at any site
72
What is the process of fracture healing?
The collagen scaffold is minimised by bone and dead bone is removed by macrophages.
73
What is formed after fracture healing?
A callus
74
What is angiogenesis?
The formation of new BVs which is aided by enzyme secretion
75
What is the function of angiogenesis?
Enables blood supply to enter damaged tissue
76
What is the function of angiogenesis in the thrombosis?
Limits thrombus formation and reinstates flow
77
What is the function of angiogenesis in malignant tumours?
Therapeutic control as the tumours grows
78
Where does fibrosis occur?
Atherosclerosis
79
What is the process of tissue scarring?
Granulation tissue that can't be removed for a scar
80
What promotes health and repair?
Cleanliness, apposition of edges, sound nutrition, metabolic stability, normal inflammation and coagulation therapy
81
What role does angiogenesis play in healing?
It forms new BVs and is part of growth and healing
82
What are the opposing factors to healing?
Dirty gaping wound, poor diet, abnormal CHO metabolism, diabetes and the inhibition of angiogenesis

Principles of Disease (8 decks)

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