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Principles of Disease > Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

A specific inflammatory process that is ongoing

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2
Q

Does all chronic inflammation derive follow on from acute inflammation?

A

No

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3
Q

How does it arise?

A

As a primary pathology

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4
Q

What are the characteristics?

A

Malaise, weight loss and loss of function

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5
Q

Is there a specific sore area?

A

No

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6
Q

What causes weight loss?

A

TB

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7
Q

What causes a loss of function?

A

Autoimmune disease, Crohn’s diseases and leprosy

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8
Q

What are the cell types involved?

A

Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Plasma cells and Fibroblasts

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9
Q

What is the structure of lymphocytes?

A

Small and round

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10
Q

What are the different types of lymphocytes and what is their function?

A

T cells produce cytokines, while B cells facilitate the immune response

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11
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

They create an immune response and memory

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12
Q

What activates macrophages?

A

B cells

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13
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

They undergo phagocytosis in order to help produce the immune response and remove debris

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14
Q

How do macrophages help produce the immune response?

A

By presenting the antigens

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15
Q

What do macrophages contain?

A

Enzymes e.g. lysosomes

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16
Q

How long do macrophages last?

A

A long time

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17
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

They are differentiated B cells

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18
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

They produce antibodies

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19
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

They are motile cells that are metabolically active that produce and assemble structural proteins e.g. collagen

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20
Q

What are the 2 major causes of chronic inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation and a primary lesion

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21
Q

Hows does chronic inflammation arise from an acute inflammation?

A

When there is a large volume of damage and the debris can’t be removed so it does not get resolved

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22
Q

What does arising from acute inflammation cause?

A

Acne, Cholecystitis, Peptic ulcer and Osteomyelitis

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23
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Chronic inflammation that affects the marrow spaces between the bones

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24
Q

Can you get chronic inflammation without an immune response?

A

Yes

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25
Q

Can you get an immune response without chronic inflammation?

A

No

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of inflammation arising from a primary lesion?

A

No acute phase, can only see lesion, nothing specific and occurs over a long period of time

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27
Q

What causes inflammation to occur from a primary lesion?

A

Autoimmunal disorder, cellular digestion resistance, exogenous and endogenous substances and granulomatous inflammation

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28
Q

What are exogenous substances?

A

A substance that is active inside an organism but it is not from there e.g. sutures

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29
Q

What are endogenous substances?

A

A substance that originates in the organism e.g. keratin

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30
Q

Is granulomatous inflammation and granulation tissue the same thing?

A

No

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31
Q

What organises chronic inflammation?

A

Granulation tissue

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32
Q

What are the effects of chronic inflammation?

A

Fibrosis, Granuloma formation and Rheumatoid disease

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33
Q

What happens when scarring occurs in the lungs?

A

The size of the lung is decreased so it is harder to breath

34
Q

What is the effect of rheumatoid disease?

A

Loss of finger function

35
Q

How is granulation tissue formed?

A

Capillaries grow into inflammatory mass and access plasma proteins e.g. macrophages and fibroblasts

36
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

They lay down collagen and repair damaged tissue

37
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

It replaces the inflammatory exudate and fills the whole which replaces the dead or narcotic tissue

38
Q

What happens to collagen over time?

A

It contracts and the collagen cross-links pull together and tighten which forms a scar

39
Q

What does granulation tissue contain?

A

Macrophages, fibroblasts and osteoblasts

40
Q

How is granulomatous inflammation characterised?

A

By the presence of granulomas

41
Q

What stimulates granulomatous inflammation?

A

Indigestible antigens that the body can’t get rid of

42
Q

What are the effects of granulomatous inflammation

A

Serious diseases and idiopathic diseases

43
Q

What are granulomas?

A

Aggregates of epithelioid macrophages (macrophages which look like epithelial cells)

44
Q

What do granulomas contain?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and maybe giant cells

45
Q

What do granulomas surround?

A

Dead material

46
Q

What may surround granulomas?

A

Lymphocytes

47
Q

What type of reaction to granulomas cause?

A

Cell-mediated hypertensive reaction

48
Q

What are giant cells?

A

They are a fusion of epithelioid macrophages

49
Q

What is the function of giant cells?

A

They proliferate macrophages

50
Q

What are the characteristics of giant cells?

A

They have a large cytoplasm and multiple nuclei

51
Q

What are the 2 different types of giant cells?

A

Langhas and Foreign body

52
Q

How are the nuclei arranged in langhas giant cells?

A

Peripherally

53
Q

What is the function of foreign body giant cells?

A

Ingestion of foreign material and adds pus to granulation tissue

54
Q

What type of response occurs in foreign body giant cells?

A

Only inflammatory, no immune response

55
Q

What are the 3 examples of granulomatous diseases?

A

TB, leprosy and syphilis

56
Q

Those with TB may also have?

A

HIV

57
Q

Is TB gender specific?

A

No, but it’s mostly males that are affected

58
Q

What are tubercles?

A

Areas infected by TB

59
Q

What surrounds dead tissue?

A

Macrophages, giant cells and lymphocytes

60
Q

What cures TB?

A

Red rods

61
Q

What is leprosy?

A

Disfiguration as peripheral nerves are attacked due to granulomas inflammation

62
Q

What is used to treat leprosy?

A

A combination of drugs which kills the pathogen

63
Q

What is syphilis?

A

A treatable STD that progresses through many stages

64
Q

What are the 3 examples of non-infective granulomas?

A

Rheumatoid disease, Sarcoidosis (respiratory disorder) and Crohn’s disease

65
Q

What is wound healing?

A

The process by which tissue damage is repaired by the formation of granulation tissue

66
Q

What proceeds wound healing?

A

A phase of acute inflammation

67
Q

What type of angiogenesis is involved in wound healing?

A

Local angiogenesis

68
Q

What are the 2 different types of wound healing?

A

Healing by primary intention (surgical) and healing by secondary intention (for larger defects)

69
Q

What are the characteristics of healing with primary intention?

A

Minimal gap, small amount of granulation tissue and a small linear scar

70
Q

What are the characteristics of healing with a secondary intention?

A

Lots of granulation tissue, contraction and scarring

71
Q

What is fracture healing?

A

The healing of bone, which involves the same principles as healing at any site

72
Q

What is the process of fracture healing?

A

The collagen scaffold is minimised by bone and dead bone is removed by macrophages.

73
Q

What is formed after fracture healing?

A

A callus

74
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

The formation of new BVs which is aided by enzyme secretion

75
Q

What is the function of angiogenesis?

A

Enables blood supply to enter damaged tissue

76
Q

What is the function of angiogenesis in the thrombosis?

A

Limits thrombus formation and reinstates flow

77
Q

What is the function of angiogenesis in malignant tumours?

A

Therapeutic control as the tumours grows

78
Q

Where does fibrosis occur?

A

Atherosclerosis

79
Q

What is the process of tissue scarring?

A

Granulation tissue that can’t be removed for a scar

80
Q

What promotes health and repair?

A

Cleanliness, apposition of edges, sound nutrition, metabolic stability, normal inflammation and coagulation therapy

81
Q

What role does angiogenesis play in healing?

A

It forms new BVs and is part of growth and healing

82
Q

What are the opposing factors to healing?

A

Dirty gaping wound, poor diet, abnormal CHO metabolism, diabetes and the inhibition of angiogenesis

Principles of Disease (8 decks)

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