Acute Inflammation

Question 1

What are the causes for acute inflammation?

Answer 1

Micro-organisms, mechanical trauma to tissue, chemical changes, extreme physical conditions, dead tissue and hypersensitivity

Question 2

What are the benefits of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Rapid and non-specific response

Question 3

How is the inflamed site protected?

Answer 3

Cardinal signals and a loss of function at the site

Question 4

How are pathogens destroyed?

Answer 4

Neutrophils

Question 5

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 5

They destroy pathogens and denature antigens for macrophages

Question 6

What is the function of plasma proteins?

Answer 6

They localise the process

Question 7

What does resolution mean?

Answer 7

Returns to normal

Question 8

What are neutrophils?

Answer 8

Mobile phagocytes

Question 9

What are the 3 sequences of microvascular change?

Answer 9

Change in vessel radius (flow), change in vessel permeability and movement of neutrophils

Question 10

How is the vessel radius changed?

Answer 10

Transient arterioles constrict and local arterioles dilate, while the surrounding smooth muscle relaxes

Question 11

What occurs when the vessel radius dilates?

Answer 11

Increase in blood flow which causes Rubor and Calor

Question 12

How is vessel permeability changed?

Answer 12

It is a localised vascular response. It is changed by endothelial leak, exudation and oedema

Question 13

What causes endothelial leak?

Answer 13

Local chemical mediators

Question 14

What is exudation?

Answer 14

Plasma and proteins (e.g. fibrinogen and immunoglobulin) are excreted from the organism

Question 15

What does oedema cause?

Answer 15

Swelling, which reduces function and causes pain

Question 16

Where do neutrophils move?

Answer 16

From vessels to the extravascular space

Question 17

What are the 3 process by which neutrophils move?

Answer 17

Margination, Pavementing and Emigration

Question 18

What is the process of margination?

Answer 18

Neutrophils move into the endothelial aspect of lumen

Question 19

What is pavementing?

Answer 19

Neutrophils adhere to endothelia

Question 20

What is the endothelia?

Answer 20

The epithelium that lines the interior side of BVs

Question 21

What is emigration?

Answer 21

Neutrophils move outside of the tissues by squeezing between endothelia

Question 22

What is an exudate?

Answer 22

Plasma which is fluid in protein e.g. fibrinogen and immunoglobulin

Question 23

How is an exudate formed?

Answer 23

Exudation

Question 24

Where does an exudate move from?

Answer 24

Lumen to tissue

Question 25

What causes exudation?

Answer 25

An increase in capillary permeability

Question 26

What is exudation?

Answer 26

Net movement of plasma form the capillaries to the extravascular space

Question 27

What can exudation form?

Answer 27

An oedema

Question 28

What is an oedema?

Answer 28

An accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space

Question 29

What are the systematic effects?

Answer 29

Pyrexia, Malaise, Neutrophilia, Septic shock, Lymph node enlargement, weight loss, Anaemia and Suppuration

Question 30

What is pyrexia?

Answer 30

Increased body temperature

Question 31

What is malaise?

Answer 31

General discomfort, it is the first indication of disease

Question 32

What is Neutrophilia?

Answer 32

Too many neutrophils due to leucocytosis

Question 33

What is septic shock?

Answer 33

Very low BP due to sepsis which causes an inability to perfuse and can lead to a haemorrhage. It is rapidly fatal as it causes tissue hypoxia

Question 34

What type of process is weight loss?

Answer 34

Catabolic

Question 35

What is Anaemia?

Answer 35

Blood loss

Question 36

What is suppuration?

Answer 36

Pus formation, which leads to an abscess

Question 37

How does an abscess discharge?

Answer 37

By pointing first

Question 38

What is a multiloculated abscess?

Answer 38

Pus bursts through membrane but not the epithelial surface and forms new cavities

Question 39

What is pus surrounded by?

Answer 39

Pyogenic membrane

Question 40

What occurs as a result of tissue hypoxia?

Answer 40

Cell death

Question 41

What is systematic vascular resistance (SVR)?

Answer 41

Index of arteriolar constriction calculated by BP/CO

Question 42

How do you calculate cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 42

CO= SV x HR

Question 43

What does inflammation lead to?

Answer 43

The formation of granulation tissue and scar formation

Question 44

How does it result in healing and repair?

Answer 44

The abscess is collapsed and granulation tissue forms collagen

Question 45

What is the process of scar formation?

Answer 45

Fibrosis

Question 46

What are the negative effects?

Answer 46

Sepsis, Bacteraemia, Septicaemia and Toxaemia

Question 47

What is Bacteraemia?

Answer 47

Bacteria in blood

Question 48

What is Septicaemia?

Answer 48

Growth of bacteria in blood

Question 49

What is Toxaemia?

Answer 49

Toxic products in the blood

Question 50

How is granulation tissue formed?

Answer 50

Capillaries grow in into an inflammatory mass which allows access of plasma proteins, macrophages and fibroblasts which lay down collagen to repair the damage

Question 51

When does granulation formation occur?

Answer 51

After a large amount of damage or an inability to remove dirt from a wound

Question 52

What are the mediators of acute inflammation?

Answer 52

Vasodilation and constriction

Question 53

What is the function of mediators?

Answer 53

Altered permeability, neutrophil adhesion, chemotaxis and pain

Question 54

What are the effects of mediators?

Answer 54

They result in a dynamic steady state and favour or inhabit acute inflammation

Question 55

What are mediators relative to?

Answer 55

Need

Question 56

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 56

Movement of an organism along the gradient of increasing/decreasing concentration