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Principles of Disease > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes for acute inflammation?

A

Micro-organisms, mechanical trauma to tissue, chemical changes, extreme physical conditions, dead tissue and hypersensitivity

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2
Q

What are the benefits of acute inflammation?

A

Rapid and non-specific response

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3
Q

How is the inflamed site protected?

A

Cardinal signals and a loss of function at the site

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4
Q

How are pathogens destroyed?

A

Neutrophils

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5
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

They destroy pathogens and denature antigens for macrophages

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6
Q

What is the function of plasma proteins?

A

They localise the process

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7
Q

What does resolution mean?

A

Returns to normal

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8
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Mobile phagocytes

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9
Q

What are the 3 sequences of microvascular change?

A

Change in vessel radius (flow), change in vessel permeability and movement of neutrophils

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10
Q

How is the vessel radius changed?

A

Transient arterioles constrict and local arterioles dilate, while the surrounding smooth muscle relaxes

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11
Q

What occurs when the vessel radius dilates?

A

Increase in blood flow which causes Rubor and Calor

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12
Q

How is vessel permeability changed?

A

It is a localised vascular response. It is changed by endothelial leak, exudation and oedema

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13
Q

What causes endothelial leak?

A

Local chemical mediators

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14
Q

What is exudation?

A

Plasma and proteins (e.g. fibrinogen and immunoglobulin) are excreted from the organism

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15
Q

What does oedema cause?

A

Swelling, which reduces function and causes pain

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16
Q

Where do neutrophils move?

A

From vessels to the extravascular space

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17
Q

What are the 3 process by which neutrophils move?

A

Margination, Pavementing and Emigration

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18
Q

What is the process of margination?

A

Neutrophils move into the endothelial aspect of lumen

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19
Q

What is pavementing?

A

Neutrophils adhere to endothelia

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20
Q

What is the endothelia?

A

The epithelium that lines the interior side of BVs

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21
Q

What is emigration?

A

Neutrophils move outside of the tissues by squeezing between endothelia

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22
Q

What is an exudate?

A

Plasma which is fluid in protein e.g. fibrinogen and immunoglobulin

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23
Q

How is an exudate formed?

A

Exudation

24
Q

Where does an exudate move from?

A

Lumen to tissue

25
Q

What causes exudation?

A

An increase in capillary permeability

26
Q

What is exudation?

A

Net movement of plasma form the capillaries to the extravascular space

27
Q

What can exudation form?

A

An oedema

28
Q

What is an oedema?

A

An accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space

29
Q

What are the systematic effects?

A

Pyrexia, Malaise, Neutrophilia, Septic shock, Lymph node enlargement, weight loss, Anaemia and Suppuration

30
Q

What is pyrexia?

A

Increased body temperature

31
Q

What is malaise?

A

General discomfort, it is the first indication of disease

32
Q

What is Neutrophilia?

A

Too many neutrophils due to leucocytosis

33
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Very low BP due to sepsis which causes an inability to perfuse and can lead to a haemorrhage. It is rapidly fatal as it causes tissue hypoxia

34
Q

What type of process is weight loss?

A

Catabolic

35
Q

What is Anaemia?

A

Blood loss

36
Q

What is suppuration?

A

Pus formation, which leads to an abscess

37
Q

How does an abscess discharge?

A

By pointing first

38
Q

What is a multiloculated abscess?

A

Pus bursts through membrane but not the epithelial surface and forms new cavities

39
Q

What is pus surrounded by?

A

Pyogenic membrane

40
Q

What occurs as a result of tissue hypoxia?

A

Cell death

41
Q

What is systematic vascular resistance (SVR)?

A

Index of arteriolar constriction calculated by BP/CO

42
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output (CO)?

A

CO= SV x HR

43
Q

What does inflammation lead to?

A

The formation of granulation tissue and scar formation

44
Q

How does it result in healing and repair?

A

The abscess is collapsed and granulation tissue forms collagen

45
Q

What is the process of scar formation?

A

Fibrosis

46
Q

What are the negative effects?

A

Sepsis, Bacteraemia, Septicaemia and Toxaemia

47
Q

What is Bacteraemia?

A

Bacteria in blood

48
Q

What is Septicaemia?

A

Growth of bacteria in blood

49
Q

What is Toxaemia?

A

Toxic products in the blood

50
Q

How is granulation tissue formed?

A

Capillaries grow in into an inflammatory mass which allows access of plasma proteins, macrophages and fibroblasts which lay down collagen to repair the damage

51
Q

When does granulation formation occur?

A

After a large amount of damage or an inability to remove dirt from a wound

52
Q

What are the mediators of acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation and constriction

53
Q

What is the function of mediators?

A

Altered permeability, neutrophil adhesion, chemotaxis and pain

54
Q

What are the effects of mediators?

A

They result in a dynamic steady state and favour or inhabit acute inflammation

55
Q

What are mediators relative to?

A

Need

56
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement of an organism along the gradient of increasing/decreasing concentration

Principles of Disease (8 decks)

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