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Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are B and T cells formed?

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

How do B and T cells clone?

A

Mitosis

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3
Q

How does HIV infect the body?

A

GP120 molecules on the HIV bind to the CD4 receptors on T helper cell
Viral envelope fuses with cell membrane and enters the cell
Reverse transcriptase converts the virus’ RNA into DNA
This DNA is integrated into host cell’s DNA by intergrase
This allows new viral proteins to be produced via transcription/translation
After many viral proteins have been produced, cell bursts and proteins go on to infect other T helper cells

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4
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

Retro virus

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5
Q

How do T killers cells kill cells?

A

Release enzymes that make holes in membrane of infected cell
This causes cell lysis

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6
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

White blood cell

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7
Q

Two types of white blood cell?

A

B and T cells

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8
Q

How do B cells fight infection?

A

Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
These bind to the antibodies and help to identify the pathogen
They also neutralise bacteria toxins

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9
Q

Type of receptors on T helper cells

A

CD4

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10
Q

Type of receptors on T killer cells

A

CD8

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11
Q

How do macrophages fight infection?

A

Digest cell

Displays cell’s antigens on its surface ;becomes an antigen presenting cell

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12
Q

Steps of clonal selection

A

Antigens bind to B cell that has correct receptor

B cell becomes an antigen presenting cell

Active T helper cell with complimentary receptor binds to the B cell and releases cytokines which stimulate B cell

B cell divides to produce B memory cells and B effector cells

B effector cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies

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13
Q

Explain how infection by HIV could increase the risk of a person developing a disease such as tuberculosis

A
  • HIV affects T helper cells

- Lack of functional white blood cells mean a person is more susceptible to disease

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14
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

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15
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

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16
Q

What does the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase do?

A

Stimulates a cell to make viral DNA from a vital RNA template

17
Q

How is HIV transmitted between people?

Name three

A

Body fluids

  • Semen
  • Blood transfusions
  • Transplants
  • Contaminated needles
  • In mother’s milk
18
Q

Why is it difficult to develop a vaccine for HIV?

A
  • The arrangement of proteins on the outer coat of the virus keep changing
  • This means there are many strains of AIDS virus around the world
  • The virus is still mutating
19
Q

How did the first class of anti-HIV drugs work?

A
  • They were nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  • Block the action of reverse transcriptase enzyme
  • AZT is an example of this type of drug
20
Q

Why is one type of drug unlikely to be effective against HIV?

A
  • HIV multiplies
  • Most new copies produced are mutations
  • Some of these mutations will be resistant to the drug
21
Q

What are social factors that might inhibit the tackling of AIDS?

A
  • Some societies reject pre-marriage sex/homosexuality
  • Birth control not supported by the Catholic church
  • HIV positive people may feel stigmatised and not come forward for treatment
22
Q

What are biological factors that inhibit the tackling AIDS?

A
  • HIV is slow acting with a ten year incubation period
  • This means there are no signs of a person having the virus
  • Multiple transmission methods
  • Maternal transmission to foetus impossible to stop
23
Q

What economic factors can inhibit the tackling of AIDS?

A
  • HIV is widespread

- This means tracing everyone that is HIV positive can be difficult and expensive

24
Q

What does a lysozyme do?

A

-Breaks down bacterial cell wall

25
Q

What is an interferon?

A

-Chemical signal produced by cells that attract T-Killer cells

26
Q

Another word for swelling?

A

Oedema

27
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A
  • Macrophage engulfs the pathogen via endocytosis
  • Bacteria are within phagosome
  • Lysosomes in cell fuse with phagosome
  • Enzymes released and digest bacteria
28
Q

What are the two types of antibiotics? What do each do?

A
  • Bacteriostatic - Stop bacteria from reproducing

- Bactericidal - Kill bacteria by destroying cell wall

Biology (20 decks)

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