Immunity - 21/11/23 Flashcards
What, on the cell, helps identify it?
There are specific protein molecules on each cell surface called antigens that help identify it
What can Antigens be made out of?
[3]
1) Glycoprotein
2) Protein
3) Lipoprotein
What are Antigens and what do they do?
A specific protein molecule that stimulates an immune response including antibody production. They are large complex molecules
Why type of molecules DO NOT stimulate antibody production?
Small molecules (amino acids/ sugars)
What cell distinguishes between ‘self-antigens’ and ‘non-self antigens’?
White Blood Cell
What is the universal blood group?
O donor
How do you do graph questions?
1) DESRCIBE - Describe the graph, and what’s exactly happening. Use percentages to indicate peaks and troughs
2) EXPLAIN - Explain every single peak, trough or levelling off
What are Antibodies?
It’s a type of WBC that can release copies of it’s surface receptors
What are the Receptors complementary to?
The antigens (proteins) on surface of pathogens
What WBC carry out phagocytosis?
Phagocytes (macrophages/neutrophils)
What WBC release histamine?
Mast cells
What are three main ways the body defends itself?
1) Physical and Chemical barriers prevent the entry of pathogens
2) Non-Specific inflammatory response (swelling)
3) A specific immune response where the body recognises and responds to a particular target pathogen
What are the three cells in our bone marrow that protects us?
1) Non-specific immune cells
2) B-Cells
3) T-Cells
What do Non-Specific immune cells do?
They provide generic first line of defence against all foreign cells
What do B-Cells do?
It makes antibodies which makes targets for destruction
What do T-Cells do?
It kills cancerous and virus-infected cells and direct other immune cells
How does Thymus help in immunity?
Here, T-cells are trained to distinguish foreign antigens from those of their own body
How does Spleen help in immunity? (2)
1) It stores and recycles immune cells
2) It’s a key place where foreign antigens are brought to attention of immune systems
How does Lymph Nodes help in immunity?
They act as a minor garrison for immune cells
What are characteristics of a non-specific response?
[2]
The response is immediate and the same for all pathogens
What are characteristics of a specific response?
Response is slower and specific to each pathogen
What comes under Non-Specific Response?
1) Physical barrier
2) Phagocytosis
What comes under Specific Response?
[2]
1) Cell mediated response (T-lymph)
2) Humoral response (B-lymph)
What are two examples of Phagocytes?
1) Neutrophils
2) Macrophage
What do Phagocytes do?
They engulf and destroy micororganism by phagocytosis
Explain how White Blood Cells eventually kills a foreign pathogens it’s just encountered. (10)
1) WBC produce antibodies
2) Slow response at first because WBC doesn’t recognise pathogen
3) Antibodies destroy pathogen by binding to antigen
4) Because they have complementary shapes
5) Memory WBC retains
6) The person is now immune
7) WBC recognises pathogens next time
8) Produces a lot of antibodies quickly
9) Antibodies destroy pathogens before person feels unwell
