Immunity - 21/11/23

Question 1

What, on the cell, helps identify it?

Answer 1

There are specific protein molecules on each cell surface called antigens that help identify it

Question 2

What can Antigens be made out of?
[3]

Answer 2

1) Glycoprotein
2) Protein
3) Lipoprotein

Question 3

What are Antigens and what do they do?

Answer 3

A specific protein molecule that stimulates an immune response including antibody production. They are large complex molecules

Question 4

Why type of molecules DO NOT stimulate antibody production?

Answer 4

Small molecules (amino acids/ sugars)

Question 5

What cell distinguishes between ‘self-antigens’ and ‘non-self antigens’?

Answer 5

White Blood Cell

Question 6

What is the universal blood group?

Answer 6

O donor

Question 7

How do you do graph questions?

Answer 7

1) DESRCIBE - Describe the graph, and what’s exactly happening. Use percentages to indicate peaks and troughs
2) EXPLAIN - Explain every single peak, trough or levelling off

Question 8

What are Antibodies?

Answer 8

It’s a type of WBC that can release copies of it’s surface receptors

Question 9

What are the Receptors complementary to?

Answer 9

The antigens (proteins) on surface of pathogens

Question 10

What WBC carry out phagocytosis?

Answer 10

Phagocytes (macrophages/neutrophils)

Question 11

What WBC release histamine?

Answer 11

Mast cells

Question 12

What are three main ways the body defends itself?

Answer 12

1) Physical and Chemical barriers prevent the entry of pathogens
2) Non-Specific inflammatory response (swelling)
3) A specific immune response where the body recognises and responds to a particular target pathogen

Question 13

What are the three cells in our bone marrow that protects us?

Answer 13

1) Non-specific immune cells
2) B-Cells
3) T-Cells

Question 14

What do Non-Specific immune cells do?

Answer 14

They provide generic first line of defence against all foreign cells

Question 15

What do B-Cells do?

Answer 15

It makes antibodies which makes targets for destruction

Question 16

What do T-Cells do?

Answer 16

It kills cancerous and virus-infected cells and direct other immune cells

Question 17

How does Thymus help in immunity?

Answer 17

Here, T-cells are trained to distinguish foreign antigens from those of their own body

Question 18

How does Spleen help in immunity? (2)

Answer 18

1) It stores and recycles immune cells
2) It’s a key place where foreign antigens are brought to attention of immune systems

Question 19

How does Lymph Nodes help in immunity?

Answer 19

They act as a minor garrison for immune cells

Question 20

What are characteristics of a non-specific response?
[2]

Answer 20

The response is immediate and the same for all pathogens

Question 21

What are characteristics of a specific response?

Answer 21

Response is slower and specific to each pathogen

Question 22

What comes under Non-Specific Response?

Answer 22

1) Physical barrier
2) Phagocytosis

Question 23

What comes under Specific Response?
[2]

Answer 23

1) Cell mediated response (T-lymph)
2) Humoral response (B-lymph)

Question 24

What are two examples of Phagocytes?

Answer 24

1) Neutrophils
2) Macrophage

Question 25

What do Phagocytes do?

Answer 25

They engulf and destroy micororganism by phagocytosis

Question 26

Explain how White Blood Cells eventually kills a foreign pathogens it’s just encountered. (10)

Answer 26

1) WBC produce antibodies
2) Slow response at first because WBC doesn’t recognise pathogen
3) Antibodies destroy pathogen by binding to antigen
4) Because they have complementary shapes
5) Memory WBC retains
6) The person is now immune
7) WBC recognises pathogens next time
8) Produces a lot of antibodies quickly
9) Antibodies destroy pathogens before person feels unwell