Antibodies - 18/12/23

Question 1

In the humoral response what do plasma cells produce?

Answer 1

Antibodies

Question 2

What are antibodies made of?

Answer 2

4 polypeptide chains

Question 3

What protein structure does antibodies have?

Answer 3

Quarternary structure

Question 4

Describe the structure of Antibodies.
[5]

Answer 4

• Two large and two small chains (heavy/light)
• Two antigen binding sites
• Variable region
• Constant region
• Disulfide bridges

Question 5

What shape does the 4 polypeptides chains in an antibody form?

Answer 5

Y shape

Question 6

What does the Variable Region in an antibody do?

Answer 6

• It makes the antibody specific
• Forms antigen binding sites

Question 7

What is the protein structure of variable region in an antibody?

Answer 7

Unique tertiary structure

Question 8

How can the antibody bind to specific antigens?
[2]

Answer 8

• Because the antigen-binding sites (variable region)
• is complementary to only one specific antigen

Question 9

When antibody attaches to antigen what does it form?

Answer 9

Antigen-antibody complex

Question 10

How does Antibody-Antigen Complex form?
[2]

Answer 10

• Antibodies randomly collide with non-self antigens on a foreign cell
• It will bind if antigens have complementary shape

Question 11

What is Agglutination?
[2]

Answer 11

• The antibody has two-antigen binding sites so they can bind to more than one pathogens
• This results in pathogens being clumped together

Question 12

What can antibodies do after Agglutination?
[2]

Answer 12

• Neutralise pathogen
• Attract phagocytes to engulf and destroy cells

Question 13

What does B-Cells have on surface? What is it specific to?

Answer 13

Antibodies that’s specific to one specific antigen

Question 14

Is humoral response specific or non-specific?

Answer 14

Specific

Question 15

What stimulates the specific humoral response?

Answer 15

When receptor binds to complementary antigen of non-self pathogen

Question 16

What do B-Cells have on surface membrane?

Answer 16

Receptor antibodies

Question 17

When the receptors are released form B-cells, what do they become?

Answer 17

Antibodies

Question 18

What happens in Humoral Response?

Answer 18

1. Pathogens invade the body
2. Non-specific response: macrophage (phagocytosis)
3. Pathogen antigens embed in cell membrane of macrophage
4. This activates B-cells with complementary antibodies on its membrane (aided by Helper T Cells)
5. Activated B cells produce many clones by mitosis
6. Some clones become Plasma cells or Memory B Cells
7. Plasma cells secrete specific antibody (monclonal)
8. Antibody-Antigen complex formed
9. This Inactivates Pathogens or Stimulates Phagocytosis
10. The memory B cells continue to secrete antibodies for years, reproduce rapidly to produce lots of plasma cells if same pathogen entered

Question 19

What is the first Non-Specific response in Humoral response?

Answer 19

Macrophage (phagocytosis)

Question 20

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How is the B-cells activated in Humoral response?

Answer 20

Pathogen antigens embed in cell membrane of macrophage

Question 21

What are the two types of cells produced when activated B cells produce clones?

Answer 21

• Plasma cells
• Memory B Cells

Question 22

What do Plasma Cells secrete in humoral response?

Answer 22

Monoclonal antibody

Question 23

When an antibody-antigen complex is formed in humoral response, what two things can this do?

Answer 23

• Inactivate pathogen
• Stimulate phagocytosis

Question 24

What do Memory B Cells do in humoral response?

Answer 24

Continue to secrete antibody for years, repoduce rapidly to produce lots of plasma cells if same pathogens are encountered