Immunity Flashcards
immune
safe, free
antigen
any substance stimulating an immune response
Non-specific
does not make you immune to later attacks, does not involve antibodies
Specific or Acquired or Adaptive Immunity
Antibody-mediated Immunity, does make you immune to a later attack, does involve antibodies
Cell-Mediated Immunity
does make you immune to a later attack, DOES NOT INVOLVE ANTIBODIES!
Innate Immunity Characteristics
A non-specific protection you are born with that does not target a specific antigen, immediate, maximal response, does not lead to “immunological memory”
Types of Innate Immunity Charcteristics
Skin (physical barrier), chemical barrier -pH 3-5, Mucous, fever (whole body response), inflammation, vasolidation, capillary permeability increased, increased fluids=swelling,
Specific, Acquired/Adaptive Immunity Characteristics
targets specific antigen, lag time from exposure to maximal response, does provide “immunological memory”
Leucocytes
group of cells involved in specific/adaptive/acquired immunity. bloodstream is only a subway, travel for short time to do their work for infections.
Chemotaxis
allows them to move where needed
2 kinds of wbc
Phagocytes(involved in nonspecific immunity)
Monocytes
moving into tissue
they become macrophages that
continue phagocytosis there that
neutrophils began
macrophage ingesting and digesting a pathogen
macrophages also mop up/heal by eating
dead cells
– moving into tissue
they become macrophages that
continue phagocytosis there that
neutrophils began
macrophage ingesting and digesting a pathogen
Dendritic cells
in contact with the enviornment, besides eating, antigen presenting cell reinforcements of B and T lymphocytes
2 kind of WBC
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
named bc they are from lymph system, 90% of filtrate returns to capillaries and 10% recovered by lymph system
Lymph System 2 function
Defense:
B lymphocytes (B cells) are produced in bone marrow
- after maturing they move out to begin patrolling
- T lymphocytes (T cells) are produced in bone marrow also
- but they go to the thymus to mature before beginning to patrol
* Lymphocyte production:
Types of Lymphocytes. (B cells)
a principal cell of antibody-mediated immunity
- primary function is to make antibodies against antigens
- later provides immunity as memory B cells
T lymphocytes (T cells)
- a principal cell of cell-mediated immunity
- primary function is to kill virus-infected or tumor cells
- later provides immunity as memory T cells
2a) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc cells or Cytotoxic T cells)
2b) Helper T lymphocytes (TH cells or Helper T cells) - aids antibody-mediated immunity (and cell-mediated immunity)
Natural Killer cells
also one of the parts of the nonspecific or innate immunity system
Antigen
any substance stimulating an immune response
Antibody
a y shaped protein in the globulin protein family, involved in an immune response (immunoglobulins)
Immobilization
as antibody binds to the surface of a bacterial
cell the bacterium is prevented from
moving where it can cause harm
neutralization
antibody binding to the surface of a toxin or
a virus prevents it’s operations from harming the body
agglutination
ab immobilizes pathogens by clumping them
together as it binds to the surface of more than one
opsonization
after ab binds
to an ag surface it attracts/signals
a phagocyte that ingests the ag/ab
complex
Antibody
a protein produced by the immune system of vertebrates to detect and destroy invaders of the body
Cytokines
a protein messenger molecule, it can activate a response by the same cell that made it,
ex. interleukin, interferon
or it can activate a different cell that is either close by or
farther away
cytokines
cytokines
Specific Immunity
A. Characteristics
B. Leucocytes
1. Phagocytes – eating
2. Lymphocytes – non-eating
C. Molecules, other cells
Ag, Ab, MHC, APC, Cytokines
Antibody functioning
immobilization, neutralization, agglutination, opsonization,
activation of complement protein
Antibody-mediated Specific/Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
also known as “humoral” immunity/humoral response (= “fluid”)
- its focus is on extracellular invaders, in fluids of the body
(interstitial fluids/blood), versus the focus of cell-mediated
immunity inside cells
Activation Phase of Antibody-mediated specific acquired adaptive immunity
ag enters the body and an APC is there to confront it, the APC phagocytizes and displays pieces of that specific ag
on its surface with its MHC (flagpole)
these APC cells migrate from the site where the ag was
encountered to 2o lymphoid tissue (ex. lymph nodes)
there the APCs encounter TH cells, and the APC’s cytokines
activate TH cells
= APC
Effector phase
these multiplied TH cells that are specific to the invading ag now
encounter B cells specific to the invading ag and bind to them
2. Effector Phase
b) these TH cells then release cytokines that trigger these B cells
that are specific to the invading ag to clonally expand
All of these B cells will be specific
to the ag that has invaded the body
because they bound to and were
triggered to multiply by a TH cell
specific to the invading ag
specific to the
invading ag
B cell thatB cell that
matches thismatches this
TTHH cellcell
some of these B cells remain in the body’s system as memory cells
ab will be made quick enough to deal with the ag before symptoms
develop = immunological memory
Activation Phase
when a body cell becomes infected by a virus, it puts some of the
foreign virus protein (ag) on its surface using its MHC protein
(flagpole), the same way that it puts its own “self” protein there
Blood Group Antigens (ABO blood types)
ab is present in the blood for all foreign rbc ag, ab interaction with foreign ag causes dangerous clotting, blood types are named for the ag clotting
Blood Type A
Antigen present A, Antibody present Anti B, Blood Type Accepted A, O
Blood Type B
Antigen present B, Antibody present Anti A, Blood type accepted B, O
AB universal recipient
Antigen present A and B, Antibody present none, Blood type accepted A, B, AB, O
O universal donor
antigen present none, antibody present anti a & anti b, blood type accepted o
Rh factor
another separate ab-ag system of the blood, ag is either present (Rh)+, or absent Rh - on rbc
