IMMUNITY Flashcards
APR which is a Marker for Acute Inflammation
C-Reactive Protein
This Acute Phase Reactant is elevated during bacterial infection, rheumatic fever, viral infections, malignant disease, tuberculosis, and after a heart attack.
C-Reactive Protein
This Acute Phase Reactant is involve in chemotaxis and removes cholesterol from a cholesterol filled macrophage at the site of tissue injury. Increased in bacterial infections and binds to lysosomal enzymes.
Serum Amyloid A
Movement of WBC towards the site of inflammation
Chemotaxis
This Acute Phase Reactant acts as an opsonin which is widely distributed on the mucosal surface of the body. It is also involved in the complement activation.
Mannose-Binding Lectin
This Acute Phase Reactant acts as a plasma inhibitor of proteases released from leukocytes, most especially elastase.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
This Acute Phase Reactant binds irreversibly to free hemoglobin, Increased levels during inflammation, stress or tissue necrosis.
Haptoglobin
This Acute Phase Reactant is the most abundant coagulating factor in plasma which forms the Fibrin clot.
Fibrinogen
This Acute Phase Reactant is the principal copper-transporting protein which binds 90 to 95 % of copper found in plasma.
Ceruloplasmin
What are the cells involved in INNATE IMMUNITY
MACROPHAGE, NK CELLS, DENDRITIC CELLS, NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHIL, BASOPHIL, MAST CELLS
_________ Immunity has a rapid reponse during infection.
INNATE IMMUNITY
_________ Immunity has a slow reponse during infection.
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
What 6 enzymes are included in the Primary Granules of Neutrophils
MYELOPEROXIDASE, ELASTASE, PROTEINASE 3, LYSOZYME, CATHEPSIN G, DEFENSINS
What enzymes are included in the Secondary Granules of Neutrophils
LACTOFERRIN, LYSOZYME, NADPH, COLLAGENASE, GELATINASE, RESPIRTORY BURST COMPONENTS
What 2 enzymes are included in the Tertiary Granules of Neutrophils
GELATINASE, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR
This WBC represents 50-75% of the total peripheral WBC with around 10-15 um and a nucleus with 2-5 lobes.
Neutrophils
WBC which is the first responder to infection and is capable of phagocytosis (cell eating).
Neutrophils
How many hours does neutrophils circulates in our body?
6-8 HOURS
Primary Granules of Eosinophils
Acid phosphatase and Arylsulfatase
WBC which major function is to kill parasites and neutralize basophils and mast cells and mast cells regulation, represents 1-3% in the peripheral WBC with approximately 12-15 um.
Eosinophils
Most important role of Eosinophils
Regulation of Immune Response, regulation of Mast Cell Function
What are the Eosinophil-specific granules
MAJOR BASIC PROTEIN, EOSINOPHIL CATIONIC PROTEIN, EOSINOPHIL PEROXIDASE, EOSINOPHIL-DERIVED NEUROTOXIN
This WBC is the least numerous in the peripheral blood and is capable of maintaining allergic reactions, stimulate B cells to produce the antibody IgE. 10-15 um and has a short life span.
BASOPHILS
What are the granules of Basophils?
HISTAMINE, HEPARIN, CYTOKINES, AND EOSINOPHIL CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR-A
This WBC resembles basophils and is responsible in Antigen presentation of T Cells and B Cells, it is also responsible for enhancement and suppression of immune response.
MAST CELLS
Where can you abundantly found mast cells?
SKIN, CONNECTIVE TISSUES, MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM
Mast Cells has short life span in our body. T or F
False, because Mast Cells has a life span of 9-18 months
This WBC is the largest cell in the peripheral blood, with a horseshoe-shaped/kidney bean shaped nucleus, and is capable of phagocytosis.
MONOCYTES
What are the 2 types of granules of Monocytes?
Type 1 Peroxidase, Acid Phosphatase, Arylsulfatase
Type 2 B-glucoronidase, Lysozyme, Lipase
How long does a monocyte stay in the peripheral blood before migrating to the tissues and become a Macrophage?
30 hours
Macrophage of the Lungs
Alveolar Macrophages
Macrophage of the Liver
Kupffer Cells
Macrophage of the Brain
Microglial Cells
Macrophage of the Connective Tissues
Histiocytes
This WBC function is killing microbes, eradication of intracellular parasites, tumoricidal activity, phagocytosis, secretion of cell mediators and acts as an Antigen Presenting Cell
Macrophages
This WBC is the most potent phagocytic cell, and is most effective at Antigen presentation, as APC it present Antigen to T lymphocytes to initiate the adaptive immune response
DENDRITIC CELLS
It is a type of phagocytosis in which the Pathogen Recognition Receptor recognizes the lipid and carbohydrate sequences on microorganisms.
Direct Phagocytosis
It is a type of phagocytosis in which Opsonin Receptors recognizes opsonins such as IgG, CRP and C3b that is bound to the microorganism
Indirect Phagocytosis
This patterns are only found in microorganisms
Ex. Toll-Like Receptors
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
TLR 1 recognize _________ and targets ______________
Lipopeptides, Mycobacteria
TLR 2 recognize _________ and targets ______________
Peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, zymosan, Gram + bacteria, Mycobacteria & Yeasts
TLR 4 recognize _________ and targets ______________
Lipopolysaccharide, fusion proteins, mannan, Gram - bacteria, RSV fungi
TLR 5 recognize _________ and targets ______________
Flagellin, Bacteria with flagellae
TLR 6 recognize _________ and targets ______________
Lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, zymosan, Gram + bacteria, Mycobacteria, Yeasts
TLR 3 recognize _________ and targets ______________
dsRNA, RNA Viruses
TLR 7 and 8 recognize _________ and targets ______________
ssRNA, RNA Viruses
TLR 9 recognize _________ and targets ______________
dsDNA, DNA Viruses, Bacterial DNA
Toll Like Receptors is discovered by
Charles Janeway
4 MAJOR STEPS IN PHAGOCYTOSIS
- Attachment/ Physical contact between WBC and foreign particles
- Formation of phagosome
- Fusion with phagolysosome
- Digestion/ release of debris
What are the cardinal signs of Inflammation?
Rubor-Redness
Calor-Heat
Tumor-Swelling
Dolor-Pain
Functio Laesa-Loss of function
What are the major events associated with the process of inflammation?
Increased blood supply to the infected area
Increased capillary permeability
Migration of white blood cells to surrounding tissue
Migration of macrophages to the injured area
It is the movement of WBC across the blood vessel wall
Diapedesis
Recognition of foreign substances and ability to resist infection
IMMUNITY
Innate/Non-adaptive/non specific type of immunity, present at birth
Natural Immunity
Adaptive/Specific, ability to remember prior exposure
Acquired Immunity
Active Immunity (Natural)
Antibodies made after an exposure to infection
Active Immunity (Artificial)
Antibodies are made after a vaccine (Attenuated Antigen)
Types of Acquired Immunity
Active Immunity (Natural/Artificial)
Passive Immunity (Natural/Artificial)
Passive Immunity (Natural)
Antibodies transmitted from mother to baby
Passive Immunity (Artificial)
Antibodies from vaccine containing Antibody
What are the structural External Defense Mechanism
Intact Skin-Keratinocytes
Mucous membrane of GIT- Gastric Acid
Ciliated epithelium-
Lacrimal Apparatus-Lysozyme
Sweat glands-Lactic Acid
Sebaceous glands-Fatty Acid
What are the mechanical External Defense Mechanism
Peristaltic movement
Shedding of cells
Coughing and Sneezing
Flushing action of urine
What are the physiologic factors in Internal Defense Mechanism
Body Temperature
Oxygen Tension
Hormonal Balance
What are the Basic Polypeptides in Internal Defense Mechanism
Spermin
Defensin
What are the Interferons in Internal Defense Mechanism
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
What is the mediator of inflammatory response in Internal Defense Mechanism
Complement
What are the functions of Basophils
Regulate T helper cell response and stimulates B cells to produce antibody IgE
