Immunity

Question 1

What happens with ageing lungs?

Answer 1

Decrease compliance, stiff coral cartilages, decreased lung elasticity
Increase V/Q mismatch
Decrease immune response
Delayed hypercapnia/hypoxia response
FEV1 + FVC decreased, ratio decreased, may falsely show obstruction

Question 2

What are the cells involved in immunity and their function?

Answer 2

Neutrophils & macrophages- they are phagocytes, some are antigen presenting cells

Lymphocytes- make antibodies, kill diseased cells and decide what antibodies to make

Humoral - in blood/plasma, not cells
Immunoglobulins, cytokines

Question 3

What is innate immunity?

Answer 3

Immediate
Non specific
Doesn’t require prior exposure
Mainly involves phagocytosis of bacteria & rapid responses to viruses

Question 4

What cells are involved in innate immunity?

Answer 4

Neutrophils, macrophages & dendritic cells

Question 5

What happens in innate immunity?

Answer 5

Inflammation- local response to infection or injury

Question 6

What are neutrophils?
Where are they produced?
What proportions are WBCs?
What do they do?

Answer 6

Inflammatory mediators
Produced in the bone marrow
70% of all WBCs
Phagocytes

Question 7

What do neutrophils contain?

What do these things do?

Answer 7

Contain granules- released to help combat infection, called degranulation

Question 8

What granules do granulocytes (neutrophils) contain?

Answer 8

Primary granules

Secondary granules

Question 9

What are the functions of neutrophils?

Answer 9

1. Identify threat, through receptors
2. Activation (by cytokines) - N are often switched off
3. Adhesion (to the site of infection)
4. Diapedesis (adhesion of N to N) and chemotaxis - draws neutrophils to injury site
5. Phagocytosis
6. Bacterial Killing

Question 10

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 10

Specific
Uses antigen presenting cells
Immunological memory

Question 11

What are the cells used in adaptive immunity?

Answer 11

T & B cells

Question 12

What do T cells do and where are they made and matured?

Answer 12

Involved in cell mediate immunity and directly killing pathogens (cell mediated action)

Made in bone marrow
Mature in Thymus

Question 13

What are the 2 types of T cells?

Answer 13

Tc (cytotoxic T cells)

TH (T helper cells)

Question 14

What do Cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 14

Cd8 receptors
Killer type cells
Bind to cells via antigens on target cell and kill them via secreted chemicals

Question 15

What do T helper cells do?

Answer 15

Induce other cell activation of B cells, macrophages and cytotoxic T cells

Question 16

What do B cells do?

Answer 16

Secrete antibodies to kill pathogens (humoral action)

Question 17

What are the 5 classes of antibodies and functions? (Ig’s)

Answer 17

(GAMED)
G - abundant 
A - breast milk and mucosa
M - first in infection 
E - allergies 
D - unknown

Question 18

Where are B cells made and stored?

Answer 18

Made in bone marrow

Stored in secondary lymphoid organs

Question 19

What happens to a B cell when it is activated?

Answer 19

Activated by T helper cell

Becomes a plasma cell (which produces antibodies) which live a few days only