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Adv Patho > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What does the immune system do?

A
  1. protect against infection by pathogens-viruses,microbes including bacteria, fungi, and eukaryotic parasites
  2. isolate or remove foreign substances
  3. destroy cancer cells that arise in thebody
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2
Q

What are the different types of immune cells? There are 4.

A
  • leukocytes (WBC)
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • mast cells
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3
Q

What are Cytokines?

A

Messengers produced by a variety of individual cells, link the components of the immune system together. They are the chemical communication network that allows different immune system cells to talk to each other.

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4
Q

Cytokines:
IL-1
TNF
IL-6

A

Source-antigen presenting cells (marcophages)
Target Cells-talk to heper T cells, certiain brain cells, and systemic cells
Function-stimulate IL-2 receptor expression; induce fever, stimulate systemic responses to inflammation, infection, and injury

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5
Q

Cytokines:

IL-2

A

Source-most immune cells
Target Cells-helper T cells, T cells, NK cells, and B cells
Function–stimulate proliferation, promote conversation to plasma cells

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6
Q

Interferons (type I)

A

Source-most cell types
Target Cells-most cell types
Function–stimualte cells to produce antiviral proteins (innate response)

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7
Q

Interferons (type II)

A

source-NK cells and activated helper T cells
Target Cells-NK cells and macrophages
Function–stimulate proliferation and secretion of cytotoxic compouds

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8
Q

Chemokines:
What triggers them?
What do they trigger and what what do those triggered cells do?

A

Source-damaged cell, including endothelial cells
Target Cells-neutrophils and other leukocytes
Function–facilitate accumulation of leukocytes at sites of injury and inflammation

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9
Q

Colony-stimulating factors

A

Source-marcophages
Target Cells-bone marrow
Function–stimulate proliferation of neutorphils and monocytes

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10
Q

Innate Immune Response

A
  • defenses at the body surfaces, the response to injury or infection known as inflammation, and family of antiviral proteins called interferons
  • First Line of Defense: physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers
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11
Q

What is the 2nd line of defense?

A

Inflammatory response

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12
Q

What happens in the Inflammatory Response, specifically during the vascular response?

A
  • signs of inflammation
  • vasodilation
  • key to rest of the response-delivers other response materials and removes wastes from area
  • plays important role in adaptive immunity (B and T lymphocytes) via use of lymphatics to clear area of debris
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13
Q

What. happens during the Inflammatory Response, specifically with the plasma protein response?

A

-complement: can cause direct destruction or activate other components

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14
Q

Complement system

A

consist of several plasma proteins that produce several factors that can destroy pathogens directly and can activate or collaborate with other components on the innate and adaptive immune responses.

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15
Q

Classical pathway

A

activated by proteins of the adaptive immune system (antibodies) bound to their specific targets (antigen)

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16
Q

What activates the Lectin pathway?

A

activated by mannose-containing bacterial carbohydrates

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17
Q

What activates the Alternative pathway?

A

activated by gram-negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides

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18
Q

classical pathway route-antibody mediated initiated

A

signal is sent when bacteria is found and antibodies attach to the antigens on the bacteria:

chain: C1 > C4 > C2 > C3 which breaks up into C3a and C3b….C3 becomes C3b > C5 > C6 >C7 > C8 > C9. C5 becomes C5a. and C5b. C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 break off and form a channel into the bacteria which allows water and sodium to fluid in and lysis (kill) the bacteria.

C3a and C5a signal protease to enhance inflammation through chemotaxis

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19
Q

What makes up the membrane attack complex (MAC) which is a pentameric protein

A

C5b, C6, C7, and C8, and C9

come together and break off to make a MAC which allows extracellular fluid to go into bacteria and cause lysis

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20
Q

What is opsonin?

A

Extracellular proteins that bind to substances or cells that induce phagocytes to phagocytose the cell

-C3b is a great opsonin

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21
Q

What is the alternative pathway?

A

When C3b directly binds to the antigen on the bacteria instead of C1 and thus initiate lysis or opsonization.

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22
Q

What is the lectin pathway?

A
  • bacteria has certain type of antigens, specifically a carbohydrate called Mannose. Mannose binding lectin protein will bind with mannose which initiates the lectin pathway. C4 loves mannose binding lectin protein
  • C4 binds to Mannose binding lectin complex then C2, C3b, C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9
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23
Q

What are kinins

A

polypeptides that cause vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, nerve cell stimulation, and leukocyte chemotaxis

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24
Q

What are cytokines?

A
  • soluble factors that are secreted by cells, contribute to resistance through specific receptor binding
  • bind to receptors and promote activation proliferation and differentiation of immune cells
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25
Q

What are the different types of cytokines?

A
  1. interleukins
  2. tumor necrosis factors
  3. interferons
  4. colony stimulating factors
  5. transforming growth factors
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26
Q

What are interleukins?

A
  • messengers produced by macrophages and luekoytes
  • enhance adaptive immune reponse
  • PRO inflammatory: IL-1 and IL-6
  • ANTi inflammatory: IL-10 and tumore necrosis factor (TNF)
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27
Q

What are tumor necrosis factor alpha?

A
  • secreted by macrophages and mast cells
  • PRO inflammatory; local and systemic effects
  • positive effect: induces fever and chemokine production
  • negative effect: if prolonged can cause cachexia and shock
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28
Q

What are interferons?

A
  • protect against viruses and modulate inflammation
  • release by the cells infected by the virus
  • antiviral proteins
29
Q

What are mast cells and what to do they do?

A
  • have vasoconstricting and vasodilating effects
  • increase permeability
  • release chemotactic factors (neutrophil and eosinophil factors)
  • synthesize new mediators

-type of white blood cell that is found in connective tissues all through the body, especially under the skin, near blood vessels and lymph vessels, in nerves, and in the lungs and intestines

30
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A
  • occurs when phagocytes leave circulation and enter inflammation site
  • opsonize > engulf > fuse > destroy target
31
Q

Where are most plasma proteins made?

A

liver

32
Q

What do lymphocytes mature in to?

A

T or B cells

33
Q

What are T cells responsible for?

A

Help in cellular immunity by the activation of phagocytes, antigen sensitized cytotoxic T cells and release of cytokines and chemokines in response to an antigen

34
Q

What are B cells responsible for?

A

humoral immunity aka antibody-mediated immunity

35
Q

What is active (acquired) immunity?

A
  • produced after exposure to an antigen or immunization

- long term

36
Q

What is passive immunity

A
  • no host immune system response

- temporary

37
Q

Where are T cells synthesized?

A

-matures in thymus

38
Q

Where do B cells come from and what does it do?

A
  • mature in bone marrow
  • has a B cell receptor which means it has an antibody on its plasma membrane to bind to an antigen
  • express IgM
39
Q

What do phagocytic cells do?

A

-process antigens, put them on the phagocytes’s surface where lymphocytes initiate the immune response against the specific antigen

40
Q

Example of phagocytes

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes

41
Q

What are helper T cells?

A

stimulates T cells, macrophages and B cells to make an immune response
-it is a type of WBC and a type of lymphocyte

42
Q

Humoral Immune Response

A
  • activated by B cells
  • primary response: first exposure produces IgM and IgG
  • secondary response: second exposure; the antibody produced is quicker and in larger amounts (esp. IgG)
43
Q

Cellular Immune Response

A
  • activated by T cells
  • directly kill the antigen
  • T memory cells also produced for secondary immune response
44
Q

What are antibodies?

A
  • protect host from infection through neutralization, agglutination, or precipitation
  • antibody titers measure the level of circulating antibodies
  • attenuated vaccines work via neutralization
  • can be stimulated by presenting chemically inactivated antigens
  • antibodies also function as opsonins, making antigen more likely to be phagocytized
45
Q

What is the secretory immune response?

A
  • systemic immune system
  • plasma cells in secretory organs produce antibodies in secretions
  • Immunoglobulins are secreted and act locally
  • protect mucosal epithelia
46
Q

Changes in immunity with aging?

A
  • less T cell production

- B cells less responsive to new antigens

47
Q

Characteristics of innate immune defense include

A

your skin and the inflammatory response

48
Q

4 roles of the clotting cascade in inflammation

A
  1. prevention of infection
  2. limitation and control of inflammatory process
  3. Interaction with components of adaptive immune system to elicit a more specific response to contaminating pathogens
  4. preparation of the area of injury for healing through removal of bacterial products, dead cells, and other products of inflammation
49
Q

What starts the phagocytosis?

A

-a foreign substance is introduced to the body, inflammation occurs, and then a phagocyte enters and begins phagoycytsosis

50
Q

What are the intracellular organelles primarily responsible for phagocytosis?

A
  • granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinoiphils, basophils)

- macrophages/monocytes

51
Q

What type of cell injury results in death?

A

necrosis

52
Q

What do basophils do?

A
  • wbc/granulocyte

- important source of the cytokine IL 4 which regulates the adaptive immune response

53
Q

What do monocytes do?

A
  • largest normal blood cell

- produced in bone marrow, enter circulation, and migrate to the inflammatory site where they become macrophages

54
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

-primary phagocyte located in the peripheral organs and skin where molecules released from infectious agents are encountered, recognized through PRR (pattern recognition receptors) < and internalized through phagocytosis

55
Q

Interleukin 10

A
  • ANTI-inflammatory
  • produced from lymphocytes
  • suppresses the growth of other lymphocytes and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages, leading to down regulation of both inflammation and the adaptive immune response
56
Q

Interleukin 6

A
  • PRO inflammatory
  • come from macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and other cells
  • induce hepatocytes to produce many of the proteins needed for inflammation
57
Q

Interleukin 1

A
  • PRO inflammatory
  • come from marcophages
  • activates monocytes, other macrophages, and lymphocytes, thereby enhancing both innate and acquired immunity and act as a growth factor for many cells
58
Q

What do natural killer T cells do?

A

recognize and eliminate cells infected with viruses, although they are also somewhat effective at elimination of other abnormal cells, specifically cancer cells

59
Q

What are mast cells?

A
  • most important cellular activator of inflammatory response

- are cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels near the body’s outer surfaces

60
Q

Chronic inflammation can be mediated by

A

an unsuccessful acute inflammatory response

61
Q

Chronic inflammation can be mediated by

A

an unsuccessful acute inflammatory response

62
Q

Chronic inflammation is associated with

A

a duration of 2 weeks or longer

63
Q

What happens during Chronic inflammation?

A

an infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages; if macrophages cannot limit tissue damage then the body forms a granuloma to isolate the infected area

64
Q

What happens during acute inflammation

A

fever, leukocytes (increase WBCs), and plasma protein synthesis (which are mostly produced in liver)

65
Q

what is a cytokine storm

A

A severe immune reaction in which the body releases too many cytokines into the blood too quickly
-can lead to multi organ failure

66
Q

what is a cytokine storm

A
  • A severe immune reaction in which the body releases too many cytokines into the blood too quickly
  • can lead to multi organ failure
67
Q

Stages of Inflammatory Response

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. increased vascular permeability which causes redness and edema
  3. WBC adheres to inner walls of vessels
68
Q

Stages of Inflammatory Response

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. increased vascular permeability which causes redness and edema
  3. WBC adheres to inner walls of vessels
69
Q

What it the purpose of the complement cascade?

A

produces several factors that can destroy pathogens directly and can activate or collaborate with other components of the innate and adaptive immune reponses.

Adv Patho (23 decks)

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