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Adv Patho > Altered Cellular Biology and Function > Flashcards

Altered Cellular Biology and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of cellular function?

A
  1. movement
  2. Conductivity
  3. Metabolic absorption
  4. Secretion
  5. Excretion
  6. Respiration
  7. Reproduction
  8. Communication
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2
Q

What is needed to cellular survival and reproduction?

A
  1. energy for cellular metabolism
  2. material for amino acids, proteins, lipids, water, ions, and other essentials
  3. signals: cell to cell adhesion, cellular communication and signals
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3
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in cell size

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4
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

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5
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

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6
Q

Metaplasia

A

reversible replacement; replacement of one cell with another cell

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7
Q

Dysplasia

A

change in size, shape and organization

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8
Q

How can cell damage or injury occur?

A
  • may be lethal or sub lethal
  • due to chemicals, hypoxia, free radicals, immune, inflammation
  • injury may be intentional (therapeutic) or unintentioal
  • impact of modifying of modifying factors
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9
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

lack of sufficient oxygen in environment&raquo_space; inability to get O2 to cells&raquo_space; dysfunction of cytochromes

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10
Q

What are cytochromes?

A

redox-active proteins containing a heme, with a central Fe atom at its core, as a cofactor. They are involved in electron transport chain and redox catalysis

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11
Q

What happens when a cell has hypoxia?

A

Insufficient O2 in environment&raquo_space; inability to get O2 to cells&raquo_space; dysfunction of cytochromes

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12
Q

What happens to the mitochondria when there is hypoxia?

A

-change in membrane permeatility, loss of membrane potential, and decrease in ATP

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13
Q

**What happens during hypoxia with calcium influx injury?

A

-calcium ions are critical mediators of cell injury; usually maintained at low concentrations in the cell’s cytoplasm; thus ischemia and certain toxins can initially cause and increase in the release of calcium from intracellular store and later increase the movement across the plasma membrane

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14
Q

What is ischemia or reperfusion?

A

Anoxia-no oxygen

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15
Q

What happens during ischemia?

A
  • cell membrane is damage
  • Mitochondrial calcium overload
  • high ATP consumption
  • generation of highly reactive oxygen intermediates (oxidative stress)
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16
Q

What is a free radical?

A
  • and uncharged molecule having an unpaired valence electron

- unstable molecule

17
Q

What is oxidative stress?

A
  • an imbalance between production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the ability of a biological system to detoxify these reactive products.
  • ROS overwhelms the antioxidant system
  • causes more damage to mitochondria and cell membrane
18
Q

Example free radicals (aka reactive oxygen species aka ROS)

A

A singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, superoxides, nitric oxide, and hydroxly anions

19
Q

What is an antioxidant?

A

substances that may protect your cells against free radicals

20
Q

What happens to a cell during a a chemical injury?

A
  • damage to cell membrane
  • cellular edema&raquo_space; calcium enters cell&raquo_space; mitochondria swells&raquo_space; ATP decreases&raquo_space;intracellular pH decreases and electrolytes become altered&raquo_space; lysosomes break down&raquo_space; organelles are destroyed
21
Q

Examples of chemical injury?

A
  • drugs
  • metals: lead and mercury
  • ethanol
  • carbone monoxide
22
Q

What are examples of physical agents that can cause cell injury?

A
  • temperature:
  • radiation (changes DNA)
  • mechanical (compression, tension, torsion, shear)-(changes how cells are arranged, signaled, and synthesize proteins)
23
Q

What does cell injury do to the cell?

A

abnormal metabolism, protein transport defects, lack of enzymes, presence of materials cannot be digested

24
Q

What is necrosis?

A
  • Cellular destruction, dissolution

- pathophysiologic

25
Q

What is apoptosis?

A
  • programmed cell death
  • active process of self destruction
  • physiologic
26
Q

What is autophagy?

A

survival strategy or may be destructive

27
Q

What happens during autophagy?

A
  • the production of nutrients (amino acids, lipids, and nucleic acids) to combat starvation; and the elimination of invading pathogens, damaged organelles (altered mitochondria) and protein aggregates
  • can promote survival or cell death
28
Q

How does lead ingestion to lead to cellular injury?

A

lead mimics iron, calcium, zinc in many enzymes and alter catalyzing function

29
Q

How does necrosis differ from apoptosis?

A

apoptosis is when the cell kills itself; natural death

30
Q

How do antioxidant protect the cell from injury?

A
  • they freely give free radicals electrons without turning into electron scavengers themselves
  • neutralize free radicals by giving up some of their own electrons. In making this sacrifice, they act as a natural “off” switch for the free radicals. This helps break a chain reaction that can affect other molecules in the cell and other cells in the body
31
Q

How does mercury alter cellular metabolism and cause cell injury?

A

damages the cell membrane, DNA, and macromolecular structure

32
Q

How does ethanol alter celllar metabolism and cause cell injury?

A

metabolized by alcohol dehydroenase to acetaldehyde which is a cell toxin

33
Q

How does carbon monoxide alter cellular metabolism and cause cell inury?

A

binds to heme in preference to O2 and results in hypoxia

34
Q

How does carbon monoxide alter cellular metabolism and cause cell inury?

A

binds to heme in preference to O2 and results in hypoxia

35
Q

How does temperature contribute to cell injury?

A
  • hypothermia: may be lead to a collapse in ionic regulation, leading to an uncontrollable and lethal calcium influx
    • hyperthermia: significant effects on proteins including unfolding, exposing hydrophobic groups, and aggregation with proteins

Adv Patho (23 decks)

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