Acid Base Balance and Pathophysiology-Exam 2: Ch.3

Question 1

Type of kidney buffers

Answer 1

bicarb, ammonia, phosphate

Question 2

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 2

prolonged vomiting, nasogastric suction; NaHCO3 ingestion, diuretic therapy without K

-with hyperaldosteronism, sodium retention and loss of hydrogen and potassium ions

Question 3

Causes of respiratory acidosis

Answer 3

Causes: COPD, asthma, obesity

Manifestations: increased resp .rate, decreased sensorium, GI distress (n/v/d), and ventricular arrhythmias

Question 4

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 4

Causes: anxiety, tumor, fever, pain, trauma, severe anemia

Manifestations: decreased resp. rate with increased depth, reflect loss/decrease in electrolyte (muscle cramps, weakness, paresthesias), atrial tachycardia

Question 5

Role of kidneys in maintaining acid base homeostasis

Answer 5

The kidneys have two main ways to maintain acid-base balance - their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3− from the urine back to the blood and they secrete hydrogen H+ ions into the urine.

By adjusting the amounts reabsorbed and secreted, they balance the bloodstream’s pH.

Question 6

Acidemia

Answer 6

a state in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35.

Question 7

Alkaemia

Answer 7

a state in which the pH of arterial blood is greater than 7.45.

Question 8

Acidosis

Answer 8

a systemic increase in hydrogen ion concentration or loss of base.

Question 9

Define pH

Answer 9

Each unit of change represents a tenfold change in acidity or alkalinity and that is the negative logarithm of the effective hydrogen‐ion concentration in moles H+ ions per liter of the solution. Pure water is 1x10e(‐7) moles H+ ions per liter, so the pH value of pure water is 7 .

Question 10

Metabolic acidosis clinical mafnifestations

Answer 10

1. kussmal respirations
2. early symptoms is headache and lethargy
3. anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abd discomfort
4. ketoacidosis
5. deep respirations indicate resp. compensation
   - if acidosis progresses it can lead to coma then ultimately death

Question 11

Decreased blood pH leads to

Answer 11

• decreased myocardial contraction, causing decreased bp
• arterial vasodilation
• pH below 7.15 to 7.2, the effect of acidemia is prominent

Question 12

Clinical Manifestations of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 12

• irritated, twitching, and confused
• n/v/d
• some may have severe cramping, paresthesia, or even tetany, but in other with similar electrolytes, they have no s/s
• hyperactive reflexes
• tetany
• confusion/convulsions
• cardiovascular abnormalities due to hypokalemia
• atrial tachycardia

Question 13

Electrolytes effected by metabolic alkalosis

Answer 13

potassium, calcium, and magnesium

Question 14

Compensatory process for metabolic acidosis

Answer 14

hyperventilation

Question 15

Compensatory process for metabolic alkalosis

Answer 15

hypoventilation

Question 16

Compensatory process for respiratory acidosis

Answer 16

renal HCO3-retention

Question 17

Compensatory process for respiratory alkalosis

Answer 17

renal HCO3- excretion

Question 18

Acidosis

Answer 18

systemic increase in hydrogen ion concentration or a loss of base
pH <7.35

Question 19

Alkalosis

Answer 19

systemic decrease in hydrogen ion concentration or an excess of base
pH >7.45

Question 20

Hydrogen ion is necessary for:

Answer 20

for maintaining membrane integrity, enzyme activity.

Question 21

Inside cell

Answer 21

potassium is high

sodium is low

Question 22

Outside of cell

Answer 22

potassium is low
sodium is high
calcium high

Question 23

What is the reciprocal K+ exchange in alkalosis

Answer 23

• H+ moves extracellularly

- K+ moves intracellularly

Question 24

What is the reciprocal K+ exchange in acidosis

Answer 24

• H+ moves intracellularly

- K+ moves extracellularly

Question 25

Normal pH is

Answer 25

7.35 (slightly alkaline….pH of water is 7 which is neutral)

Question 26

Buffer

Answer 26

a substance capable in solution of neutralizing both acids and bases and thereby maintaining the original acidity or basicity of the solution.

Question 27

Buffering

Answer 27

responding to changes and maintaining the original acid‐base status.

Question 28

pH

Answer 28

Each unit of change represents a tenfold change in acidity or alkalinity and that is the negative logarithm of the effective hydrogen‐ion concentration in moles H+ ions per liter of the solution. Pure water is 1x10e(‐7) moles H+ ions per liter, so the pH value of pure water is 7.

Question 29

Importance of hydrogen ion

Answer 29

necessary to maintain membrane integrity, enzyme activity. Most pathologic conditions disturb acid‐base balance, and the degree of severity may be more harmful than the disease process.

Question 30

How do kidneys help control acid base balance

Answer 30

by excreting hydrogen ions and generating bicarbonate that helps maintain blood plasma pH within a normal range. Protein buffer systems work predominantly inside cells. Lungs exhale CO2 from the body and adjust the blood pH.yh7

Question 31

Buffers

Answer 31

1. protein buffer
2. phosphate buffer
3. ammonia buffer
4. bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer

Question 32

What kind of charge do proteins have

Answer 32

negative

Question 33

Where to proteins mainly function

Answer 33

intracellular buffer system

Question 34

Plasma buffers

Answer 34

1. hemoglobin
2. phosphate
3. bicarb-carbonic acid

Question 35

Intracellular buffers

Answer 35

1. protein
2. phosphate
3. other ions (ex: K+)

Question 36

Kidney buffers

Answer 36

1. bicarb
2. ammonica
3. phosphate

Question 37

Causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 37

cancer, carbon monoxide poisoning, exercise, liver failure, hypoglycemia

Question 38

causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 38

diuretics, antacids, certain laxatives, steroids, baking soda