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Adv Patho > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is fertilization?

A

when sperm and oocyte come (egg) together to form a zyogote

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2
Q

Key hormones in ovulation

A 
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Estrogen
Progesterone
HCG (human chorionic gonadatropin)
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3
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A
  • produced in pituitary gland

- triggers ovulation and development of corpus luteum

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4
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A
  • produced in pituitary

- stimulates the growth of eggs and release of the mature egg

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5
Q

Estrogen

A
  • made in ovaries

- helps uterus grow and prepares body for delivery

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6
Q

Progesterone

A
  • released by ovaries

- prepares the endometrium for pregnancy; causes lining to thicken

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7
Q

HCG

A
  • produced by cells in the placenta

- stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy.

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8
Q

Early division is known as

A

cleavage

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9
Q

What is a morula?

A

Forms when a zyogte continues to divide until it becomes 16 cell

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10
Q

What is the morula become

A

a blastocyst/blastocyte

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11
Q

Key components of blastocyst

A
  • trophoblast is single layer of large flattened cells which become the placenta
  • embryoblast is the inner cell mass that gives rise to the embryo
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12
Q

What do trophoblast become in week 2?

A

-divides into Cytotrophobolast and synctiotrophoblast

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13
Q

What does the embryoblast become in week 2?

A

-divides into Epiblast and hypoblast

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14
Q

What does the extraembryonic mesoderm become?

A

-divides into Somatic and splanchnic layers

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15
Q

the embryoblast cell

A

become hypoblast which becomes yolk sac and epiblast which gives rise to germ layers and forms amniotic cavity

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16
Q

What is the lacunar stage and why is it important

A

arteries and veins from mother start growing to decidua basalis bringing blood

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17
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

process in which an embryo transforms from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells (blastula) and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional structure called the gastrula

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18
Q

Two functions of the primitive streak

A

established bilaterally symmetry and determines the site of gastrulation

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19
Q

How are germ layers formed

A

Through gastrulation

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20
Q

Two factors that contribute to the cell differentiation and positioning

A

-primitive streak and primitive groove

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21
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • Neural tissues: spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and brain

- epithelial tissues: skin, linings of the mouth, nostrils, sweat glands, hair and nails, and tooth enamel

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22
Q

Endoderm

A
  • pharynx
  • GI tract
  • respiratory system
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23
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • paraxial mesoderm: skeleton (except skull), dermis, and connective tissue
  • intermediate mesoderm: genitourinary system, ducts, and accessory glands
  • lateral plate mesoderm: connective tissue of viscera and limns, serous membranes of pleural, pericardium and peritoneum, blood and lymph cells, cardiovascular lymph systems
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24
Q

When does cardiac development begin?

A

starts day 18-19

25
Q

What are the germ layers of the heart?

A

mesoderm that becomes the mesothelium, endothelium, and myocardium

26
Q

What are the 5 regions of the embryonic heart?

A
  1. truncus arteriosus
  2. bulbus cordis
  3. primitive ventricle
  4. primitive atrium
  5. sinus venosus.
27
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus become?

A

ascending aorta (aka aortic arch) and pulmonary trunk

28
Q

What does the bulbus cordis become?

A

Right ventricle and outflow tract

29
Q

What does the primitive ventricle become?

A

Left ventricle

30
Q

What does the primitive atrium become?

A

anterior portions of right and left atrium

31
Q

What does the sinus venosus become?

A

posterior portion of right and left atrium, the SA node, and the coronary sinus

32
Q

Heart valves and the septum develop from

A

septum intermedium

33
Q

What are the unique anatomical features of fetal circulation?

A
  1. foramen ovale shunt
  2. ductus arteriosis shunt
  3. ductus venous shunt
34
Q

Describe fetal circulation

A

blood goes from right atrium to left atrium to LV to AA to outside body back to RA to ascending aorta and through umbilical cord which carries CO2 and waste

35
Q

Describe newborn circulation

A

RA&raquo_space; tricuspid valve&raquo_space; RV&raquo_space; pulmonic valve&raquo_space; pulmonic artery&raquo_space; lungs to pick up O2&raquo_space; pulmonary vein&raquo_space; LA&raquo_space; mitral valve&raquo_space; LV &raquo_space; aortic valve&raquo_space; aorta&raquo_space; blood to body&raquo_space; blood returns through superior vena cava&raquo_space; inferior vena cava&raquo_space; RA

36
Q

When does the respiratory system develop?

A

approx day 25

37
Q

what does the ductus arteriosis do?

A

moves blood from pulmonary artery to aorta

38
Q

What does the ductus venous do?

A

lets highly oxygenated blood bypass the liver to the inferior vena cava and then to the right atrium of the heart

39
Q

What does the ductus venous do?

A

lets highly oxygenated blood bypass the liver to the inferior vena cava and then to the right atrium of the heart

40
Q

What happens at birth with the heart?

A

After the first breath, there is a drop in pulmonary pressure allowing pulmonary blood flow which closes the foramen ovale and constricts the ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus

41
Q

What are the stages of lung development?

A
  1. Embryonic Period
  2. Pseudoglandular Period
  3. Canalicular Period
  4. Terminal sac period
  5. Alveolar period
42
Q

What happens in pseudoglandular period?

A

5-16 weeks

  • all elements of the lungs are developed except those involved in gas exchange
  • terminal bronchus present but not respiratory bronchioles, alveoli, and alveoli ducts
  • fetuses born up to 17 weeks will not survive
43
Q

What happens in canalicular period?

A

16-26 weeks

  • lumen of bronchi and bronchioles become larger
  • tissue becomes mores vascular
  • respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts develop
  • some terminal sacs develop
  • respiration is possible at then end of this stage
44
Q

What happens in canalicular period?

A

16-26 weeks

  • lumen of bronchi and bronchioles become larger
  • tissue becomes mores vascular
  • respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts develop
  • some terminal sacs develop
  • pulmonary capillaries
  • respiration is possible at then end of this stage
45
Q

What happens in the terminal sac period?

A

26 weeks-birth

  • many more terminal sacs develop
  • epithelium becomes very thin
  • type I alveolar cells develop
  • capillary network develops rapidly
  • capillaries bulge into the alveoli
  • increase # in alveoli, bronchioles, and pulmonary capillaries
  • surfactant is produced
46
Q

What happens in the alveolar period?

A

Late fetal -childhood

  • squamous epithelium form
  • terminal sacs become alveolar ducts
  • septa develops to increase surface are for better gas exchange
  • alveoli form after birth (continue to develop for 3-8 years)
47
Q

What happens during the embryonic period?

A
  • lung bud formation

- trachea and bronchi differentiation

48
Q

What are the germ layers of the respiratory tract?

A

endoderm and mesoderm

49
Q

What makes up the GI tract?

A
  1. Foregut
  2. Midgut
  3. Hindgut
50
Q

What makes up the GI tract?

A
  1. Foregut
  2. Midgut
  3. Hindgut
51
Q

What does the foregut make?

A

esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
-near cranial end*

52
Q

What does the midgut make?

A

distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

53
Q

What does the hindgut make?

A

distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and the upper anal canal
-near caudal end*

54
Q

What happens during the embryonic folding and the GI tract?

A

development of gut tube and peritoneum

55
Q

What germ layers make up the GI tract?

A

endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

56
Q

Key event durng 4 months to birth during GI developement?

A

peristalsis and absorption

57
Q

Errors in midgut development

A

omphaloceles, umbilical hernias, gastroschisis

58
Q

Errors in hindgut development

A

hirschprung’s disease which can result in congenital megacolon

59
Q

Diaphragm abnormalities result when

A

when there is a hole in the diaphragm that leads to herniation of abdominal contents in the chest cavity
-this is called congenital diaphragm herniation

Adv Patho (23 decks)

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