Immunisation and Prophylaxis Flashcards
What are the different types of vaccines
Live attenuated Inactivated (killed) Toxoid vaccine Subunit of micro-organism - purified microbial product - recombinant
Examples of live attenuated vaccines
MMR BCG Varicella-zoster virus Yellow fever Smallpox
Examples of Inactivate vaccines
Poli HBA Cholera (oral) Rabies Japanese Encephalitis Tick-borne encephalitis Influenza
What is herd immunity
The resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results in a sufficiently high proportion of individual being immune to the disease (commonly through vaccination)
I.e because so many people are immunised those who are contagious are unlikely to come into contact with someone who is not immunised
What type of vaccine is HBV
Recombinant
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
Vaccines which use a weekend/attenuated form of the organism which causes the disease
Beware in those who are immunocompromised
What are inactivated vaccines
Used the killed (inactivated) form of the micro-organism which causes the disease
What is a Toxoid vaccine
Use a toxin from the organism and treat it with formula to make a toxoid
Give an example of a toxoid vaccine
Diptheria
Tetanus
What is a recombinant vaccine
A recombinant vaccine is a vaccine produced through recombinant DNA technology. This involves inserting the DNA encoding an antigen (such as a bacterial surface protein) that stimulates an immune response into bacterial or mammalian cells, expressing the antigen in these cells and then purifying it from them.
What creates the stronger and faster response in secondary response?
Immunological memory
2 ways in which we can gain adaptive immunity
Though natural exposure
Or
Through artificial exposure
What 2 natural ways can we gain adaptive immunity
Passive (from maternal)
Active (infection)
What are the 2 artificial ways in which we can gain adaptive immunity
Passive (transfer of antibodies - someone else antibodies)
Active (immunisation - we make our own antibodies)
Describe the steps to making the HBV vaccine
DNA segment coding for HBsAg is removed from HBV
It is then purified and mixed with plasmids from bacterial cells
This new genetically enigineered plasmid is then inserted into yeast cells
These yeast cells producing the HBV antibodies are then grown
The HBsAg is produced
This is then removed from the yeast cells and used to create the HBV vaccine
what are the 2 surface proteins on the influenza virus
H and N
How often is there a new influenza vaccine
Every year
Why is there a new influenza vaccine every year
because the virus is constantly changing its antigenic structure
How many doses of the influenza vaccine do you receive
Single dose
Who is influenza vaccine CI in
Those with an egg allergy
Who gets the influenza vaccine
Age>65yrs Nursing home residents Some healthcare workers Immunodeficiency Immunosuppression Chronic liver disease Chronic renal disease Chronic cardiac disease DM Coeliac disease Pregnant women Health care workers
What does the BCG prevent
TB
Who is given the BCG
New immigrants (previously unvaccinated)
Contacts of rest TB patients
Healthcare workers
Who is given the HBV vaccine
All new born children from 2018 )part of 6 in 1) Children at high risk of exposure Healthcare workers PWID MSM Prisoners Chronic liver disease Chronic kidney disease
Who is given the Herpes Zoster (shingles) Vaccine
All elderly patiens (70-80yrs)
What types of vaccine is the shingles vaccine
Live attenuated
Which diseases does the 6 in 1 vaccine protect against
Diptheria HBV Tetanus Polio Haemophilus influenza type B Pertussis (whooping cough)
When is the 6 in 1 vaccine given
8, 12 and 16 weeks (2,3,4 month)
What is the child immunisation schedule at 2 months
6 in 1
+ Pneumococcal conjugate
+ rota virus
+MEN B
What is the Child immunisation schedule at 3 months
6 in 1 vaccine
+ rota virus
What is the child immunisation schedule at 4 months
6 in 1
+ Pneumococcal conjugate
+ Men B
What is the chid immunisation schedule at 1 year
Hib/MEN C
+ MMR
+ Pneumococcal conjugate
+ MEN B
What is the childhood immunisation schedule between 2-8 year
Influenza nasal
What is the child immunisation schedule between 3-5 years
4 in 1 booster
+ MMR
What vaccine are 12-13yr girls given
HPV
Which vaccine is given at 14yrs
3 in 1 booster
+ MEN C
Who is the Pneumococcal Conjugate Polysaccharide Vaccine given to
Part of childhood immunisation programme
3 doses given
(2 months, 4 months and 1yr)
What are the 2 pneumococcal vaccines
Pneumococcal Conjugate Polysaccharide Vaccine (13 serotypes)
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (23 serotypes)
