Immunisation

Question 1

Give exaples of:

Live attenuated organisms

Answer 1

Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Poliomyelitis

Question 2

Give exaples of:

Inactivated organisms

Answer 2

Pertussis

Whole cell typhoid

Question 3

Give exaples of:

Components of organisms

Answer 3

Influenza, pneumococcal

Diptheria, tetanus - toxoid

Question 4

How does vaccination work?

Answer 4

Induce cell mediated immunity and serum antibodies

Question 5

What do memory cells enable?

Answer 5

Memory cells enable us to respond more quickly when we come into contact with antigen.

Question 6

What is passive immunity (mother to baby)

Answer 6

• Passive immunity – from mother to baby (antibodies pass from mother to baby, transplacentally, stay with baby until 6 months)

Baby can acquire some immunity from breastfeeding (IgA) (passive immunity)

Question 7

From breastfeeding, babies can acquire Ig_ from their mothers.

Answer 7

IgA

Question 8

Can people with sub-clinical form of infectious disease pass it on?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

What is • R(zero) (Ro)?

Answer 9

basic reproductive number, the average number of cases caused by disease. One may be able to infect 3 others, or 15 others, depending on the disease.

Question 10

What is herd immunity?

Answer 10

The indirect protection from infection of susceptible members of the population, and the protection of the population as a whole, which is brought but by the presence of immune individuals. –> Need to make sure enough are vaccinated

Question 11

What is a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 11

Vaccine that contains a version of the living virus but it is weakened (e.g. MMR), closest experience to natural infection

Question 12

What are inactivated vaccines?

Answer 12

Vaccines made by inactivating virus, killing virus. (e.g. inactivated polio virus)

Question 13

Whaat do toxoid vaccines do?

Answer 13

Prevent disease caused by toxin producing bacteria. Toxins weakened so they cannot cause illness. (weakened toxins = “Toxoids”)

Question 14

What are toxoids?

Answer 14

Weakened toxins
Toxins made by toxin-producing bacteria
Toxins weakened so they cannot cause illness –> Toxoids

Question 15

What are subunit vaccines?

Answer 15

Vaccines that only include parts of the virus or bacteria

Question 16

How do conjugate vaccines work?

Answer 16

Attach the antigen to a protein carrier that the immune system already recognises in order to provoke an immune response (e.g. flu)

Question 17

Can “too many vaccines” overwhelm the immune system?

Answer 17

• Vaccines help stimulate and strengthen immune system, no evidence of “too many vaccines overwhelming immune system”