Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > Immune System/Dr. Li > Flashcards

Immune System/Dr. Li Flashcards

1
Q

which type of immunity has a greater and faster response upon subsequent challenge by the same antigen

A

adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which type of immunity has a similar magnitude of response each time

A

innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___ are proteins made by immune cells that affect the behavior of other cells

A

cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

____ are specialized cytokines, small proteins involved in guiding white blood cells to sites where their functions are needed (through a gradient)

A

chemokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of immune cells are involved in innate immunity

A

phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells), and granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, NK cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what type of immune cells are involved in adaptive immunity

A

all lymphocytes except NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_____ are the first phagocyte to sense the invading microorganism (local guards)

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

macrophages are located ____

A

extravascularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

macrophages orchestrate the ___ response to infection and engulf pathogens

A

local

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where are neutrophils located

A

they circulate in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the most numerous and lethal phagocytic cells are ____

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

neutrophils are _____ to the site of action

A

recruited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_____ are professional antigen presentation cells that serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

A

dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where are dendritic cells located

A

tissues in contact w/ external environment (skin, nose and lungs, stomach and intestine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

dendritic cells migrate from ____ to _____

A

site of infection to draining lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

basophils circulate in ___

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mast cells reside in ____

A

tissues (connective tissue, mucosa, near blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

basophils and mast cells have a surface receptor for ___

A

IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

activated mast cells release substances that contribute to inflammation, such as ____

A

histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mast cells are important in ___

A

allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

role of B cells

A

produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

role of T cells

A

CD4 (helper) and CD8 (cytotoxic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T and B cells are largely localized in ____ tissues

A

lymphoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

NK cells are involved in _____ immunity and killing of _____

A

innate, virus-infected and mutated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

primary lymphoid tissues

A

bone marrow, thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where are B & T cells developed

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where are B cells matured

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where are t cells matured

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid tissues

A

spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes, peyer’s patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites where ________ is developed

A

adaptive immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_____ is tissue fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels

A

lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

which type of immunity recognizes microbes by a broad recognition mechanism

A

innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

which type of immunity recognizes microbes by highly specific lymphocyte antibodies and T cell receptors

A

adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

which immune response occurs at the site of infection

A

innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the innate immune response is largely anti-____

A

bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the innate immune response detects and clears pathogens by _____ and _______

A

complement and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the activation of complement system and macrophages triggers a local inflammatory response leading to _______

A

recruitment of more effector cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the activation of _____ cells leads to initiation of the adaptive immune response

A

dendritic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

acute inflammation is mediated by ____

A

cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

____ are proteins made by immune cells that affect the behavior of other cells

A

cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

_____ are specialized cytokines that guide white blood cells (via a gradient) to sites where their functions are needed

A

chemokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

an increase in neutrophils may indicate what kind of infection

A

bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

an increase in monocytes may indicate what kind of infection

A

viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

an increase in eosinophils may indicate ___

A

allergic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

dendritic cells migrate from sites of infection to ______

A

draining lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

where do basophils reside

A

they circulate in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

where do mast cells reside

A

tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

basophils and mast cells have a surface receptor for ___

A

IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

activated mast cells release ____

A

histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

mast cells are important in ____ responses

A

allergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

primary lymphoid tissues

A

bone marrow, thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

where are t and b cells developed

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

where do b cells mature

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

where do t cells mature

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

secondary lymphoid tissues

A

spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes, peyer’s patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

secondary lymphoid tissues are sites where _____ is developed

A

adaptive immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

how do lymph cells enter a lymph node

A

artery or afferent lymphatic vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

how do lymph cells leave a lymph node

A

vein or efferent lymphatic vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what are four types of acquired immunity

A

natural: active, passive
artificial: active, passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

natural active immunity

A

a person develops their own immune response to a microbe (got sick)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

natural passive immunity

A

one person receives preformed immunity made by another person (fetus, milk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

artificial active immunity

A

a person develops their own immune response to a microbe artificially (got a vaccine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

a person receives artificial preformed immunity made by another person (monoclonal antibodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is the complement system comprised of

A

more than 30 soluble proteins made by the liver (C3 is the most important)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

where is the complement system present

A

local guards: blood, lymph, extracellular fluids

66
Q

the complement system proteins are produced as _____ and can be activated by _____

A

proenzymes; they are activated in a cascade

67
Q

what is the key step in activation of the complement system

A

cleavage of C3 and fixation of C3b to bacterium

68
Q

what are the three pathways of complement activation

A

alternative pathway, lectin pathway, classical pathway

69
Q

which pathway of complement activation is the first to act

A

alternative pathway

70
Q

which pathway of complement activation is the second to act

A

lectin pathway

71
Q

which pathway of complement activation is the third to act

A

classical pathway

72
Q

what happens in alternative pathway

A

the pathogen surface creates a local environment conducive to complement activation

73
Q

what happens in lectin pathway

A

mannose-binding lectin binds to pathogen surface

74
Q

what happens in classical pathway

A

C-reactive protein or antibody binds to specific antigen on pathogen surface

75
Q

what happens after C3b binds to surface components of pathogen

A

recruitment of inflammatory cells, opsonization of pathogens, facilitating uptake and killing by phagocytes, perforation of pathogen cell membranes

76
Q

what is the enzyme that cleaves C3

A

alternative C3 convertase

77
Q

why is the alternative pathway first

A

C3 has high concentrations at physiological conditions

78
Q

__ is mannose-binding protein

A

C4

79
Q

__ is C-reactive protein

A

C1

80
Q

in the absence of a pathogen, C3b is ____

A

quickly diluted

81
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the alternative pathway

A

alternative C3 convertase

82
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the other pathways

A

classical C3 convertase

83
Q

____ facilitate phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages in complement activation

A

C3b (opsonins)

84
Q

_____ induce inflammation and attract phagocytes in complement activation

A

C3a and C5a

85
Q

what are the anaphylatoxins

A

C3a and C5a

86
Q

what do the anaphylatoxins do

A

induce contraction of smooth muscle cells and the degranulation of mast cells with consequent release of histamine and other vasoactive substances, enhance vascular permeability

87
Q

what are the roles of complement in innate immunity

A

lysis of bacteria via MAC, promoting phagocytosis via generation of C3b (opsonins), promoting inflammation via generation of anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a)

88
Q

what are the roles of macrophages in the early stage of innate immune response

A

phagocytosis of bacteria, orchestrating via induction of various types of cytokines, sensoring of danger signals via TLR

89
Q

TLRs (toll-like receptors) recognize ______

A

PATTERNS (not a specific antigen)

90
Q

TLRs connect with intracellular signaling pathways to ____

A

tell the nucleus to release cytokines

91
Q

____ recognizes lipopolysaccharides, a major component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

A

TLR4

92
Q

____ recognizes double-stranded RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infection

A

TLR3

93
Q

with the purpose of inflammation to recruit more fighters, how do cytokines and chemokines assist

A

they can increase the permeability to make it easier for immune cells to come help. they also enhance the interaction of activated immune cells with inflamed endothelial cells (ligand/receptor interaction)

94
Q

why do chemokines have a strong odor

A

to attract immune cells to come to the site

95
Q

how are cytokines similar to hormones

A

they affect the behavior of other cells

96
Q

autocrine action

A

molecules produced by cells that come back and act on themselves

97
Q

paracrine action

A

produced by one cell, acts on neighboring cell, short distance

98
Q

endocrine action

A

travels to distant cell

99
Q

5 actions of cytokines

A

pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, antagonism, cascading

100
Q

describe pleiotropy of cytokines

A

affect multiple cell types, diverse effect

101
Q

describe redundancy of cytokines

A

multiple cytokines affect cells of the same type

102
Q

describe synergy of cytokines

A

cytokines acting in concert on the same cell

103
Q

describe antagonism of cytokines

A

competing actions

104
Q

describe cascading action of cytokines

A

cytokines acting sequentially

105
Q

what are the cytokine generating cells for innate immunity

A

macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts

106
Q

what are the cytokine generating cells for adaptive immunity

A

T lymphocytes, macrophages, NK cells

107
Q

both ____ and _____ are involved in cell migration

A

chemokines and adhesion molecules

108
Q

carbohydrate-binding proteins are _____

A

selectins

109
Q

selectin-mediated adhesion

A

weak which allows the neutrophil to roll along the vascular endothelial surface

110
Q

extravasation of immune cells at the infection site is a result of _____ and _____

A

increased chemokine production and enhanced CAM interaction

111
Q

type 1 interferons inhibit _______ replication and activate host defense

A

viral

112
Q

what are type 1 interferons

A

IFN-alpha, IFN-beta

113
Q

what are the results of interferon response

A

induce resistance to viral replication in all cells, increase expression of ligands for receptors on NK cells, activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells (tells the immune system: i am infected, pls kill me)

114
Q

how does NK cell interact with healthy/uninfected cell

A

inhibits killing of healthy cell

115
Q

how does NK cell interact with virus-infected cell

A

kill it by inducing expression of MIC ligands

116
Q

all immunogens are _____

A

antigens (but not all antigens are immunogens)

117
Q

____ is the part of an antigen that is recognized by a single antibody

A

epitope

118
Q

_____ are low molecular weight compounds that typically do not elicit a spontaneous immune response but can be recognized by antibodies. typically attached to a carrier molecule

A

haptens

119
Q

what produces antibodies

A

B lymphocytes

120
Q

what are the two forms of immunoglobulins

A

secreted, membrane-bound

121
Q

which form of immunoglobulin are antibodies

A

secreted

122
Q

what are membrane-bound immunoglobulins

A

they are antigen specific proteins produced by B lymphocytes, they are bound to the surface of the B lymphocytes and function as binding (receptor) sites for specific antigens

123
Q

what is the characteristic structural feature of immunoglobulins

A

a sequence of domains providing stable conformation. domain: polypeptide chain folded into a sandwich held together by a sulfide bond

124
Q

what some members of the IG superfamily

A

antibodies, B cell receptors, T cell receptors, MHC molecules

125
Q

antibodies have a ____ structure

A

monomeric

126
Q

describe the monomeric structure of an antibody

A

2 identical polypeptide heavy chains, 2 identical polypeptide light chains, polypeptide chains joined by disulfide bonds, carbohydrate

127
Q

the variable region is responsible for ___

A

specificity

128
Q

the variable region contains a ____ site

A

antigen binding sites

129
Q

the constant region contains ____

A

binding sites for cell surface receptors and complement

130
Q

the hypervariable region is also called _______

A

complementarity-determining region

131
Q

the constant region determines ___

A

effector functions/how it works

132
Q

antigen-antibody binding is based on ____

A

non-covalent forces (hydrogen bonds, very very strong binding)

133
Q

_____ is the strength of binding between a single binding site and a single ligand

A

affinity

134
Q

____ is the strength of binding between a molecule and a complex ligand (mult. binding sites)

A

avidity

135
Q

___ is the first antibody produced

A

IgM

136
Q

why is IgM the first antibody produced

A

the constant region that is closest to the variable region will be transcribed

137
Q

what contributes to the diversity of antibodies

A

random assembling + junctional diversity

138
Q

following antigen activation of B-cells, additional diversification occurs in V domain by _____

A

somatic hypermutation

139
Q

somatic hypermutation is introduction of random single nucleotide substitutions (point mutations) throughout ______ regions

A

variable (more common in hypervariable)

140
Q

what happens in isotype switching

A

the variable region of the antibody stays the same, but the constant region changes

141
Q

isotype switching involves ____ between specific switch regions

A

recombination

142
Q

CD4 are _____

A

helper t cells

143
Q

roles of helper t cells

A

interact with B cells to promote antibody response, interact with macrophages to enhance phagocytosis of pathogen

144
Q

CD8 are ____

A

cytotoxic T cells

145
Q

role of cytotoxic t cells

A

kill cells with altered cell surface (virally infected cells, tumor cells)

146
Q

structure of the t cell receptor

A

heterodimer with one alpha and one beta chain of roughly equal length, short cytoplasmic tail, transmembrane region with hydrophobic amino acids

147
Q

both alpha and beta chains of the t cell receptor have a ____ and ____ region

A

variable and constant

148
Q

variable chains of the alpha and beta chains of TCR contain hypervariable regions that determine _____

A

specificity for antigen

149
Q

each T cell bears TCRs of only one specificity (______ _____)

A

allelic exclusion

150
Q

an ____ is an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome)

A

allele

151
Q

_____ organisms have one copy of each gene (and therefore one allele) on each chromosome

A

diploid

152
Q

if both alleles are the same, they are _____

A

homozygotes

153
Q

if the alleles are different, they are _____

A

heterozygotes

154
Q

two classes of TCRs

A

alpha/beta and gamma/delta

155
Q

is alpha/beta or gamma/delta the major population

A

alpha/beta

156
Q

is alpha/beta or gamma/delta MHC dependent

A

alpha/beta

157
Q

TCR beta chain genes have which segments

A

V, D, J

158
Q

TCR alpha chain genes have which segments

A

V, J

159
Q

Ig recognizes functional motifs of ___

A

intact antigens

160
Q

TCR recognizes _____

A

processed peptides that are presented by MHC molecules

161
Q

CD8 binds the alpha3 domain of ___

A

MHC class I

162
Q

CD4 binds the beta2 domain of ____

A

MHC class II

Immunology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions