HIV/AIDS

Question 1

HIV is a ____virus that uses ___ as genetic material

Answer 1

retro; RNA

Question 2

HIV makes a ___ copy and inserts it into the DNA of the host

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

the reverse transcriptase of HIV lacks _______

Answer 3

proofreading

Question 4

what are the 2 envelope spike proteins HIV has

Answer 4

gp120 and gp41

Question 5

HIV infects cells expressing ___ receptor

Answer 5

CD4

Question 6

spike protein ___ fuses with the membrane, allowing entry

Answer 6

gp41

Question 7

spike protein ___ binds to CD4 and CCR5 and/or CXCR4

Answer 7

gp120

Question 8

CD4 is expressed by what three cells

Answer 8

T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 9

which cells are the first to be infected

Answer 9

dendritic cells and macrophages

Question 10

HIV virion production requires _____ activation and induction of ____

Answer 10

CD4 T cell, NFKB

Question 11

T cell activation induces expression of ____, which binds to viral promoter

Answer 11

NFKB

Question 12

___ and ___ expand and change the pattern of transcription for viral replication

Answer 12

tat and rev

Question 13

___ amplifies transcription of RNA

Answer 13

tat

Question 14

___ transports RNA to the cytoplasm

Answer 14

rev

Question 15

the _____ phase is due to a drop in CD4 T cells

Answer 15

symptomatic

Question 16

maintenance of HIV depends on continuous infection of ____

Answer 16

newly produced CD4 T cells

Question 17

what are the 3 mechanisms of CD4 T cell death

Answer 17

CD8 T cell cytotoxicity, direct killing by virus, increased susceptibility to apoptosis

Question 18

individuals are susceptible to infections by commensal microorganisms. these infections are called ________

Answer 18

opportunistic

Question 19

HIV escapes immune response and develops resistance to antiviral drugs by ____

Answer 19

mutations

Question 20

why is there a high mutation rate with HIV

Answer 20

the retrovirus lacks proofreading (error prone reverse transcriptase)

Question 21

_____ is an entry inhibitor

Answer 21

maraviroc

Question 22

______ is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Answer 22

tenofovir

Question 23

_____ is an integrase inhibitor

Answer 23

raltegravir

Question 24

_____ is a protease inhibitor

Answer 24

darunavir

Question 25

_______ therapy reduces abundance of the virus and retards disease progression. it doesn’t stop viral production in previously infected cells, but it can stop AIDS death

Answer 25

highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)

Question 26

what mutation protects people who have been heavily exposed to the virus from becoming infected

Answer 26

a 32 nucleotide deletion from the coding region CCR5 (CCR5 delta 32)

Question 27

______ controllers become infected but develop effective immune response

Answer 27

elite

Question 28

____ controllers are similar to elite but less virologic control

Answer 28

viremic

Question 29

controllers are enriched for carrying _____ *13,37,57, or 59

Answer 29

HLA-B