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Immunology > HSR > Flashcards

HSR Flashcards

1
Q

what is the series of events in order that occurs following first exposure to an allergen

A

allergen peptides are presented to the TH2 CD4 T cells—> TH2 CD4 T cells secrete IL-4 and activate B cells to become plasma cells–> IL-4 activated plasma cells secrete allergen-specific IgE—> allergen-specific IgE coats the surface of mast cells

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2
Q

what happens if you block the increase in calcium

A

the production of lipid mediators will be reduced

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3
Q

how does epinephrine work to restore breathing in a patient with anaphylaxis

A

activates B2 receptor

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4
Q

what happens in type II HSR

A

IgG antibody targets surface antigen

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5
Q

what happens in type III HSR

A

IgM binds soluble antigen

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6
Q

which HSR is cell-mediated

A

type IV

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7
Q

type I HSR is mediated by ___

A

IgE

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8
Q

type I is _____ hypersensitivity

A

immediate

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9
Q

type III is ______ mediated hypersensitivity

A

immune complex

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10
Q

type II is ____ mediated hypersensitivity

A

antibody

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11
Q

what happens after RE-exposure to an allergen

A

soluble antigen binds IgE on surface of mast cells and basophils–> IgE cross-linking—> degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators—> allergy symptoms

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12
Q

increase in Ca channels in the membrane and release of Ca from intracellular stores in the ER causes ___

A

formation of arachidonic acid, by activating phospholipase A2

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13
Q

arachidonic acid is converted to

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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14
Q

amplified Ca also promotes the assembly of _____ and their movement of the granules towards the plasma membranes for degranulation

A

microtubules

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15
Q

blocking of Ca influx and thereby inhibiting the mast cell degranulation is the mode of action of ___

A

cromolyn (mast cell stabilizer)

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16
Q

an increase in adenylate cyclase with a rapid increase in cAMP activates ___

A

cAMP-dependent processes that sensitize granule-membrane proteins to Ca, eventually causes granules to SWELL, fuse w/ the membrane, and release their contents

17
Q

what triggers degranulation by mast cells

A

the increase in intracellular Ca by both release of ER Ca and the influx of extracellular Ca following IgE binding to IgE receptors.

18
Q

drugs that persistently increase intracellular ____ such as adrenaline, terbutaline, or salbutamol stabilize the mast cell and prevent degranulation and mediator release

A

cAMP

19
Q

what are the early responding mediators

A

histamine, tryptase, kininogenase, ECF-A, leukotriene, prostaglandin

20
Q

what is histamine responsible for

A

bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, vasodilation, vascular permeability

21
Q

what is tryptase responsible for

A

proteolysis; breakdown of proteins

22
Q

what is kininogenase responsible for

A

kinins and vasodilation, vascular permeability, edema

23
Q

what is ECF-A responsible for

A

attract eosinophils and neutrophils, release hydrolytic enzymes causing necrosis

24
Q

what is leukotriene responsible for

A

same as histamine but 1000x more potent

25
Q

what is prostaglandin responsible for

A

pain and edema thru vascular leakage

26
Q

what is a late responding mediator

A

cytokines: TNFa: for leukocyte recruitment

27
Q

what is immediate reaction caused by when allergy testing

A

IgE-,mediated degranulation of mast cells in the skin, histamine increasing the permeability of local blood vessels causing leakiness and swelling (edema)

28
Q

what is late phase reaction caused by when allergy testing

A

leukotrienes, chemokines, and cytokines released from mast cells after IgE-mediated activation

29
Q

who should consider allergy vaccinations

A

moderate to severe symptoms, year round symptoms, does not respond to medications, triggered by an allergen that is not easily avoided

30
Q

how do allergy vaccinations work

A

series of injections with increasing antigen concentration to reduce the allergen-specific IgE and increase the antigen-specific IgG4 (blocking Ab)

31
Q

type II HSR adverse drug reactions

A

penicillins (haptens), quinine

32
Q

how does penicillin cause adverse drug reaction

A

can attach to surface proteins on RBCs, elicits autoimmune IgG Abs that attach to the surface of RBCs and cause hemolysis

33
Q

how does quinine cause adverse drug reaction

A

can attach to platelets, lead to thrombocytopenia with bleeding tendency

34
Q

what is a hapten

A

chemical moiety too small to elicit a T cell response alone

35
Q

poison ivy is an example of type __ HSR

A

IV

Immunology (10 decks)

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