Cancer

Question 1

a _____ is a mass of tissue in or on a part of the body

Answer 1

tumor

Question 2

a ____ is a non-cancerous, localized mass that does not spread to other parts of the body

Answer 2

benign tumor

Question 3

a ______ invades tissue in which it originates, can spread via blood or lymphatics, and requires several mutations

Answer 3

malignant tumor

Question 4

_____ is distant spread of a tumor from its site of origin

Answer 4

metastasis

Question 5

a _____ is any change in the DNA sequence of a cell that can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect

Answer 5

mutation

Question 6

_____ is the process whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells

Answer 6

carcinogenesis

Question 7

______ are substances that are linked to certain cancers and believed to be involved in carcinogenesis

Answer 7

carcinogens

Question 8

____ is the study and treatment of cancers

Answer 8

oncology

Question 9

cancer is defined by ____

Answer 9

metastasis

Question 10

the pathophysiology of cancer starts with transformation of _______ due to damage or mutation of DNA

Answer 10

a single cell

Question 11

what genes have to be mutated to drive malignant transformation

Answer 11

proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

Question 12

functions of proto-oncogenes

Answer 12

regulate function and growth

Question 13

____ is upon dysregulation of a proto-oncogene and leads to abnormal growth

Answer 13

oncogene

Question 14

functions of tumor suppressor genes

Answer 14

regular function is to stop abnormal growth signal

Question 15

necessary characteristics of cancer cells (7)

Answer 15

stimulate their own growth, ignore growth-inhibiting signals, avoid death by apoptosis, develop blood supply (angiogenesis), leave their site of origin to invade other tissues (metastasis), replicate constantly to expand their numbers, evade and outrun the immune response

Question 16

viruses associated with human cancer are called ____

Answer 16

oncoviruses

Question 17

______ is the process by which immune cells look for and recognize cancers

Answer 17

immunosurveillance

Question 18

the ______ is the environment around a tumor

Answer 18

tumor microenvironment

Question 19

what makes up the tumor microenvironment

Answer 19

blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, extracellular matrix created by the tumor

Question 20

what immune cells are recruited to the tumor microenvironment

Answer 20

myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), Tregs, macrophages

Question 21

MDSCs, Tregs, and macrophages release _____

Answer 21

immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10, TGFbeta

Question 22

PD-1 is expressed by ___

Answer 22

CD8 T cells

Question 23

CTLA-4 is expressed by ____

Answer 23

CD4 T cells

Question 24

5 pillars of cancer care

Answer 24

surgery, radiotherapy, chemo, precision therapy, immunotherapy

Question 25

anti-______ mAbs target CD28 pathway of CD4 T cells, leading to more T cell activation and broader immune response

Answer 25

CTLA-4

Question 26

anti-_____ mAbs target TCR pathway of CD8 T cells, reactivating tumor-specific exhausted T cells that have already been activated

Answer 26

PD-1/PDL1

Question 27

what are neoantigens derived from (5)

Answer 27

viral proteins, mutations, fused portions of recombined genes, post-translational modifications, peptide splicing