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CERT STUDY > Immune System Disorders/Immunizations/Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Immune System Disorders/Immunizations/Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Major histocompatibility markers

A

Cell markers unique to each individual - on all cells

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2
Q

Protective systems (4)

A

Skin - first line
Secretions - saliva, tears, sweat - contain chemicals that kill organisms
Stomach acid
Coughing/sneezing - eliminates organisms from body

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3
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus, bone marrow, liver

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4
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, gut associated lymphoid tissue

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5
Q

Non-specific immune defenses

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain

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6
Q

Specific immune defeses

A

Antibody immunity

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7
Q

Type I hypersensitivity reaction

A

Allergic or atopic reaction mediated by IgE

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8
Q

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

A

Hemolytic disease

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9
Q

Type III hypersensitivity reaction

A

Antigen-antibody reaction that affects vascular epithelium - serum sickness

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10
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

A

T-cell mediated hypersensitivity - contact dermatitis

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11
Q

Cell-mediated immunity develops ____

A

In early life

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12
Q

Humoral antibody immunity develops ____

A

At age 7-8

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13
Q

HIV/AIDS signs

A

FTT, weight loss, failure to reach developmental milestones, frequent/chronic/unusual child illnesses, chronic diarrhea, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy
May remain asymptomatic until 3 years of age

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14
Q

HIV screening

A

Infants under 18 months require virologic assays to directly detect HIV due to persistence of maternal HIV antibodies
Recommended at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 4 months for infants with known exposure

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15
Q

HIV treatment

A

Prevent opportunistic infections, offer high calorie/high protein foods, only eat peeled or cooked fruits and vegetables

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16
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID)

A

Congenital primary immunodeficiency disorder usually characterized by severe defect in T and B lymphocyte systems - prone to infection
Autosomal recessive or x-linked

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17
Q

SCID treatment

A

Bone marrow transplant

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18
Q

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

A

Autoimmune inflammatory disorder

Systemic, oligoarthritis, polyarthritis

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19
Q

Systemic JIA signs

A

High fever, painful joints, malaise, myalgia, rash, affects internal organs - pleuritis, pericarditis, adenomegaly, hepatomegaly

20
Q

Oligoarthitis

A

Involves few joints (less than 5), typically the large ones

Three variations - type I, II, III

21
Q

Polyarthritis

A

Involves 5 or more joints

Two variations - type I, II

22
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Immune system makes antibodies in response to infection

23
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Antibodies passed on to infant through placenta or colostrum

24
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

Immune system makes antibodies in response to vaccines

25
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Injected antibodies - no stimulation of immune response

26
Q

ID lab studies

A

C&S - performed on body fluids to detect organisms
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - detect viral antigens in body fluids
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) - elevated with infections
Lumbar puncture

27
Q

Febrile seizures

A

Seizures associated with high fevers (102-104 degrees), occur in children 6 months-5 years

28
Q

Signs of sepsis in neonates

A

Initial signs - poor sucking and feeding, weak cry, lethargy, irritability
Subsequent signs - pallor, cyanosis, mottling, decreased pain response, hypotension, tachycardia, irregular respirations, jaundice, dehydration, temperature instability, GI disturbances, seizures, hypotonia, tremors

29
Q

Most common cause of sepsis

A

Group B streptococci

30
Q

Most common causes of meningitis in neonates

A

E. Coli and group B streptococci

31
Q

Most common causes of meningitis in children

A

Neisseria meningitidis and streptococcus pneumoniae

32
Q

Meningitis

A

Bacteria enters the meninges and spreads through blood stream into CSF fluid - causes hydrocephalus, increased ICP, permanent necrosis of brain cells

33
Q

Signs of meningitis in neonates

A

Poor feeding, irritability, high pitched cry, bulging fontanel, fever or low temperature, resistance to being held, opisthotonos (hyperextension of neck and spine, late sign)

34
Q

Signs of meningitis in older children

A

Respiratory and GI problems, nuchal rigidity, tripod posturing, Kernig’s and Brudzinski’s sign

35
Q

CSF analysis for menigitis

A

Establishes diagnosis and causative agent of meningitis
CSF cloudy, WBC elevated, protein elevated, glucose decreased

LP should not be done if child has increased ICP to prevent brain herniation

36
Q

Meningitis treatment

A

Monitor I/Os - fluid intake may be lowered to prevent cerebral edema, SIADH
Steroids, antibiotics, anticonvulsants

37
Q

Measles (rubeola) signs

A

Prodromal stage - fever, malaise, coryza (inflammation of nasal lining), cough, conjunctivitis, photophobia, Koplik spots on inside of cheek - evolve into pinpoint white papules with erythematous base
Rash appears 3-4 days later - reddened maculopapular rash on face, gradually spreads downwards

Spread through direct contact with droplets

38
Q

Rubella

A

Rash that starts on face and rapidly spreads downward - discrete pinkish-red maculopapular rash

Spread through direct and indirect contact

39
Q

Varicella

A

Multi-lesion rash that includes macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, and crusts - centripetal (primarily on trunk)
Is communicable 1-2 days before rash develops until all lesions are crusted over

Spread through direct contact

40
Q

Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

A

Caused by parvovirus, spread through respiratory secretions and blood
3-stage rash:
1 - erythema on face, “slapped” appearance
2 - symmetrical, red, maculopapular rash appears on extremities
3 - rash subsides

Communicable before rash appears - starts with URI symptoms, then rash appears as an immune response

41
Q

Exanthema subitum (roseola)

A

Caused by HSV, spread through respiratory and saliva contact
High fever that drops and rash appears - starts on upper back and neck, spreads down trunk and to extremities

42
Q

Scarlet fever

A

Caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, spread through direct and indirect contact, droplets
Rash intense in joint folds, skin desquamates and feels like sand paper, strawberry tongue (coated, papillae red and swollen)

43
Q

Scarlet fever treatment

A

Penicillin, erythromycin

44
Q

Diphtheria

A

Spread through direct contact and air

Nasal congestion, lymphadenitis, “bull neck”, tough fibrous membrane along resp. tract –> mechanical airway obstruction

45
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough) treatment

A

Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin

Pertussis immunoglobulin

CERT STUDY (14 decks)

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