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A&P 242 > Immune system Ch 21 > Flashcards

Immune system Ch 21 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of immunity

A

Innate

Adaptive

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2
Q

Innate immunity/non-specific

A

First line defense, skin and body membranes.
Second line: hallmark is inflammation and consists of antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes and other cells that inhibit invaders.
Involves lectins

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3
Q

Adaptive Immunity/specific

A

Third line of defense, consists of humoral and cellular immunity
Involves antibodies
Attack specific invaders and is slower to respomd

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4
Q

Protective materials in skin and mucous membranes

A

Acid mantel of the skin
Enzymes: found in saliva, respiratory mucus and eye.
Mucin: lines the digestive and respiratory tracts
Defensins: broad spectrum antimicrobial peptides secreted by the skin and mucus membranes
Other chemicals: in the skin sebum and eccrine sweat are toxic to bacteria.

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5
Q

Phagocytes

A

Neurophils: most abundant
Macrophages: most voracious and derive from monocytes

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6
Q

Opsonization

A

Any pathogen that is coated with complement proteins called opsonins. These are markers to identify them as an invader.

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7
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

Police the blood and immune system to find and lyse cancer and virus infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated.

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8
Q

Inflammation response

A

Triggered when ever there is tissue damage
Prevents the spread of damaging agents to surrounding tissue
Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
Alerts adaptive immune system
Sets the stage for repair
Mast cells are a key component and release histamine

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9
Q

Phagocyte mobilization

A

Leukocytosis: Neurophils enter the blood from bone marrow
Margination: Neurophils cling to capillary wall
Diapedesis: They then flatten and squees out of the capillary
Chemotaxis: neutophils follow chemical trail.

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10
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Inflammatory chemicals act as homing devices and WBC migrate to the site of inflammation

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11
Q

Interferons

A

Small proteins that help protect cells that have not yet been infected. IFN’s diffuse to nearby cells from infected cells and interfer with viral replication of DNA and blocking protein synthesis

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12
Q

Complament System

A

The major mechanism of destroying foreign substances in the body. A group of 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood. When activated they lyse and kill invaders
Complements both active and innate immune systems

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13
Q

3 important factors of adaptive response

A

It is specific
It is systemic
it has memory

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14
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Antibody mediated immunity, provided by antibodies present in the bodies fluids.

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15
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

Cell-mediated immunity: when lymphocytes themselves rather than antibodies, defend the body.
Directly: by killing infected cells
Indirectly: by releasing chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response and activate other WBCs

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16
Q

Antigens

A

Substances that can mobilize active defenses and provoke immune responses. Not normally in the body and recognized as not self

17
Q

Complete antigens

A

Immunogenicity: the ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to multiply
Reactivity: the ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies

18
Q

Incomplete antigens

A

Unless attached to a protein carriers hapens have reactivity but not immunogenicity.

19
Q

MHC Proteins

A

A group of glucoproteins that are on the cell surface and identify it as self.

20
Q

B Cells

A

Oversee humoral immunity, Activate helper T cell (not naive)

21
Q

T Cells

A

Non-antibody producing, cellular arm of adaptive immunity

22
Q

T Cell education is composed of

A

Positive and negative selection in the thymus

23
Q

Positive selection

A

The first test the T cells must pass. It ensures that only the T cells that can recognize self-MHC proteins survives

24
Q

Negative selection

A

The second test makes sure that T cells do not recognize self-antigens displayed on self-HMC.

25
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

APC Engulf antigens and present pieces of them on their surfaces like flags for the T cells to recognize.

26
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Found in the bodies frontiers (skin) where they act as sentinels with wispy extensions, very efficient antigen catchers/presenters. One of the key links between innate and adaptive immunity.

27
Q

Memory Cells

A

Clone cells that do not become plasma cells. They can mount an almost immediate humoral response if they encounter the same antigen again in the future.

28
Q

Primary immune response

A

Occurs on the first exposure to an antigen. Lag time of 3-6 days.

29
Q

Secondary immune response

A

When someone is reexposure to the same antigen, faster more prolonged and more effective than primary responses. Provide immunological memory

30
Q

Active humoral immunity

A

When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them

31
Q

Passive humoral immunity

A

Instead of being made in your plasma, ready made antibodies are introduced into your body. In this case B cells are not challenged by antigens and immunological memory does not occur and protection is borrowed and temporary.

32
Q

Antibodies

A

Also called immunoglobulins. Proteins secreted in response to an antigen by B cells called plasma cells and antibodies bind specifically with that antigen.

33
Q

Antibody classes

A

MADGE
IgM:readily fixes and activated complament
IgA: Found in body secretions
IgD: Found on B Cell surface, antigen receptor
IgG: Most abundant in plasma, fixes and activates complament
IgE: binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates inflmmation and allergic reaction

34
Q

Antigen-Antibody complexes

A

Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
Complement

35
Q

Neutralization

A

Masks dangerous parts of bacterial exotoxins: viruses. As a result they cannot bind to receptors on tissue cells. Then phagocytes come in

36
Q

Agglutination

A

Cross linked antigen complexes form lattices and cause the cells to clump together

37
Q

Precipitation

A

Cross linked molecules are into large complexes. Soluble antigens.

38
Q

Complement fixation and activation

A

The chief antibody used against cellular antigens. Multiple antibodies bind to invaders cell membrane which allows materials in to lyse the cell

39
Q

Cellular immunity

A

CD4: Usually become helper T cells that help activate B cells and other T cells and macrophages
Some become regulatory T cells which moderate immune response.
CD8: Become cytoxic T cells,that destroy any cells in the body that harbor anything foreign.

A&P 242 (8 decks)

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