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A&P 242 > Blood Vessels Ch 19 > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Ch 19 Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa

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2
Q

Tunica intima

A

Innermost layer
contains endothelium,the simple squamous epithelium
forms a slick surface to minimize friction

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3
Q

Tunica media

A

circularly arranged smooth muscle cells
sheets of elastin
bulkiest layer in arteries
controls PVC and PVD

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4
Q

Tunica externa

A

outermost layer
loosely woven collagen fibers
protects and reinforces the vessel
anchors to surrounding structures

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5
Q

Vasa Vasorum

A

System of blood vessels in larger vessels that nourish the more external tissues of the vessel

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6
Q

3 vessel types

A

Artery
Vein
Capillary

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7
Q

3 types of artery

A

Elastic
Muscular
Arterioles

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8
Q

Elastic Arteries

A 
This walled arteries near the heart
The Aorta and it's major branches
"conducting arteries"
Elastic fibers in all 3 tunics
Pressure reservoirs that maintain study pressure to the body
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9
Q

Muscular Atreries

A

Distal to elastic arteries
deliver blood to specific body organs
Thickest tunic media of all vessels
More active in vasoconstriction

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10
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest arteries
Least amount of muscle
Control blood flow into capillaries

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11
Q

Capillariesntypes

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

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12
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

Most common type, least permiable
Found in skin and muscles
Held by tight junctions providing uninterrupted lining
Intercellular clefts small gaps between cells
allows for passage of fluid and small solutes

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13
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Capillaries are riddled with small pores which make them much more permeable to small solutes and fluids.
Found in small intestine, endocrine organs and kidneys to allow more absorption and filtration.

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14
Q

Sinusoid Capillaries

A

Highly leaky capillaries with large intracellular clefts that allow large molecules like blood cells to pass through.
Found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and adrenal medulla.

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15
Q

MIcrocirculation

A

The flow of blood from arteriole through capillary bed to venule.

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16
Q

Capillary bed consists of two types of vessels

A

Vascular shunt/metarteriole: a vessel that directly connects the arteriole and venule at opposite ends of the bed
True capillaries: the actual exchange vessels.

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17
Q

Venous system

A

Venules:
Veins: Have 3 tunics and valves

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18
Q

Anastomoses

A

Vessels that form special interconnections as a back up blood supply to a specific area. These alternative pathways are called collateral channels.

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19
Q

Blood Pressure

A

The force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by contained blood.

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20
Q

3 factors that influence PVR

A

Blood viscosity
Vessel length
Vessel diameter

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21
Q

Pulse pressure

A

The difference between diastolic and systolic BP

22
Q

MAP

A

Mean arterial pressure

The pressure that propels the blood to the tissues

23
Q

3 factors for venous return

A

1) Muscular pump
2) Respiratory pump
3) Sympathetic constriction

24
Q

Short term regulartion

A
  1. Maintaining MAP by alternating blood vessel diameter on a moment to moment basis.
  2. Alternating blood distribution to respond to specific demands.
25
Q

Cardiovascular center

A

Cluster of neurons in the medulla oblongata maintain BP by alternating CO and PVR
Consists of cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centers

26
Q

Cardiovascular center inputs

A
  1. Baroreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Higher brain centers
27
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Stretch receptors located in the carotid sinus, aortic arch and nearly all the walls of the large blood vessels of the neck and thorax. When stretched they send impulses to the cardiovascular center to decrease BP
Protect against short term BP changes

28
Q

3 mechanisms of preceptors

A
  1. Arteriolar vasodilation
  2. Vasodilation
  3. Decreased cardiac output
29
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Increase CO in responce to chemical changes in the blood: increase CO2, decreased PH or decreased O2

30
Q

Influence of higher brain centers

A

Hypothanlanus fight or flight response increases BP and regulates blood redistribution

31
Q

Short term regulation controlls

A

Adrenal Medulla Hormones: Epi/N Epi
Angiotensin II: Stimulates vasoconstriction
ANP: Reduction in BP and volume
ADH: Kidneys conserve water

32
Q

Long term regulation

A

Direct renal mechanism: When BP is love water is conserved and returned to the blood streem
Indirect renal mechanism: Angiotensin II

33
Q

Angiotensin II acts in 4 ways

A
  1. stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
  2. Probes posterior pituitary to release ADH
  3. Triggers thrust
  4. Potent vasoconstrictor
34
Q

Causes of primary hypertension

A 
Accounts for 90%
Heredity
Diet
Obesity
Age
Diabetes
Stress
Smoking
35
Q

Secondary HTN

A

Identifiable causes accounts for 10%:
Obstructed renal artery
kidney disease
endocrine disorders

36
Q

Tissue Perfussion

A
  1. Delivering O2 and nutrients to tissue cells
  2. Exchanging gases in lungs
  3. Absorbing nutrients in digestive tract
  4. Forming urine
37
Q

Autoregulation

A

Automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements. Organs regulate their own blood flow by varying the resistance of their arterioles.

38
Q

NO

A

Nitric Oxide: a powerful vasodilator which acts via a cyclic GMP second messenger system. Released by endothelial cells

39
Q

Endothelins

A

One of the most potent vasoconstrictors, released by the endothelium

40
Q

Myogenic controlls

A

Myogentic response keeps tissue perfusion fairly constant despite the variations in systemic BP.

41
Q

Reactive Hyperemia

A

Dramatically increased blood flow into a tissue that occurs after the blood supply to the area has been temporary blocked

42
Q

Long term regulation

A

Angiogenesis: the tissue needs more nutrients than short term can provide the number of blood vessels in a region increases and existing vessels get larger.

43
Q

Brain blood flow

A

Over 750 ml/min

44
Q

Blood flow through the skin

A
  1. Supplies nutrients to cells
  2. Helps regulate body temp
  3. Provides a blood reservoir.
45
Q

Capillary transport mechanisms

A
  1. Diffusion through membrane (lipid soluble)
  2. Movement through intercellular clefts (water soluble)
  3. Movement through fenestrations
  4. Transport via vesicles ( large substances)
46
Q

HP

A

Hyperostatic Pressure

The force exerted by fluid pressing against a wall

47
Q

OP

A

Colliod Osmotic Pressure
The force opposing hydrostatic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure pushes osmotic pressure pulls.

48
Q

Circularly Shock

A

In condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and cannot circulate adequately:
Hypovolemic shock
Vascular Shock
Cardiogenic Shock

49
Q

Veins vs Arteries

A

Veins run deep and superficial, arteries only run deep.

Venus pathways are more interconnected

50
Q

The brain and digestive system

A

Both have unique Venous drainage systems.
Dural venous sinuses
Hepatic portal system

A&P 242 (8 decks)

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