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A&P 242 > Blood Ch 17 > Flashcards

Blood Ch 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Components of blood

A

Erythrocytes
Plasma
Buffy coat

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2
Q

Buffy coat

A

Thin white layer between the etythrocytes and the plasma

Made up of Leukocytes and platelets

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3
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of BRC in the blood, +/- 47 in men and 42 in women

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4
Q

Functions

A

Distribution
Regulation
Protection

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5
Q

Distribution functions include

A

Delivering O2 from the lungs and nutrients from the GI tract
Transporting metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites
Transporting hormones from endocrine glandes to their target cells

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6
Q

Regulation functions include

A

Maintaining body temp
Maintaining normal pH reservoir for alkaline reserve
Maintaining adequate fluid volume, prevent blood loss into tissue spaces

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7
Q

Protection functions include

A

Preventing blood loss by clotting

Preventing infection, WBC defend against invaders

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8
Q

Blood Plasma

A

Straw colored sticky fluid, 90% water and 10% is made of dissolved solutes including nutrients, gasses, hormones, wastes and products of cell activities. Proteins and electrolytes are the most numerous of the solutes.

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9
Q

Albumin

A

60% of the plasma. Major blood protein contributes to plasma osmotic pressure (helps keep water in blood stream) Acts as a carrier to shuttle molecules through the blood and is an important buffer.

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10
Q

Formed elements unusual features

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets:
2 of the 3 are not true cells
Most only survive in the blood stream for a few days
Most do not undergo mitosis

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11
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBC, small biconcave cells.
No nucleus or organelles
“bags” of hemoglobin
major factor contributing to blood viscosity

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12
Q

Characteristic that contribute to RBC O2 carrying capacity

A

Huge surface area
Low water content, 97% hemoglobin
Do not consume any O2 they carry

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein that makes RBC red, binds easily to O2
Made of heme pigment bound to a protein globin.
4 heme groups (2 beta 2 alpha) each containing one iron atom in the center
Each hemoglobin molecute can carry 4 oxygen
20% of CO2 combines with hemoglobing

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14
Q

Erythrocyte production

A

A mitotic and live only 100-120 days
produced in red bone marrow
100 billion new cells are produced daily

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15
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

Hematopoietic stem cells from which all blood cells rise.

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16
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Produced mainly in the kidneys and also in the liver

Glycoprotien hormone that stimulates RBC production in response to hypoxic kidney cells (Hypoxia-induced factor HIF)

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17
Q

RBC recycling

A

after 100-120 days RBC lose their flexibility and they are engulfed by macrophages in the spleen liver and bone marrow. The iron is stored as ferrin in the liver and the hemoglobing is broken down and recycled

18
Q

Bilirubin

A

The balance of the heme group is degraded to bilirubin and the yellow pigment is secreted from the liver as bile.

19
Q

Anemia

A

The bloods oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism.

20
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC: The only formed elements that are complete cells.

Move out of the blood into the tissues “leaping across’ (diapedesis)

21
Q

Neurophils

A

Most numerous WBC and are 2x bigger than RBC
Bacteria slayers (and some fungi)
multilobed nucleus,

22
Q

Eosinophils

A

Lead the counter attack against parasitic worms, flat worms and round works. Also have roles in allergies and asthma.

23
Q

Basophils

A

Least numerous blood cells. Contain histamine which is an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBC to the site.

24
Q

Lymphocytes

A

2nd most numerous WBC and are closelt related to the lymphoid tissues where they play a crucial role in immunity
B cell lymphocytes: give rise to plasma cells
T cell lymphocytes: act directly on virus infected or tumor cells.

25
Q

Monocytes

A

Leave circulation and become macrophages in the bodies tissues. Defense against viruses and some bacterial parasites.

26
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Production of WBC is stimulated by chemical messengers and rise from hemocytoblasts as well.

27
Q

Platelets

A

Not cells but actually cytoplasmic fragments of the large megakaryocyte cells.
Essential for the clotting process

28
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Regulates the formation of platelets

29
Q

Hemostasis

A

.Events that stop bleeding

  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
30
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

As a rule platelets do not stick to each other or smooth endothelium. When the vessel is damaged the platelets adhere to the exposed underlying collagen.

31
Q

Coagulation

A

blood clotting reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads.

32
Q

Intrinsic pathways

A
  1. called intrinsic because the factors needed for clotting are present in the blood
  2. Triggered by negatively charged surfaces such as platelets. collagen or glass.
  3. Slower because it has many intermediate steps
33
Q

Extrinsic pathways

A
  1. Called extrinsic because the tissue factor it requires is outside the blood
  2. Triggered by exposing blood to a factor found in the tissue under the damaged epithelium. (TF tissue factor)
  3. Fastest because is bypasses several steps of the intrinsic pathway.it can form a clot in 15 sec.
34
Q

Clot retraction

A

Fybrinolysis
Platelets contain contractile proteins and release platelet derived growth factor to stimulate the vessel to rebuild. Plasmin the clot buster ia a fibrin-digesting enzyme

35
Q

Factors limiting clot growth

A
  1. swift removal of clotting factors
  2. inhibition of activated clotting factors
    Antithrombin III : a protein present in plasma that quickly inactivates any thrombin not found in fibrin
    Heprin: a natural anticoagulant contained in basophil and mast cell granules, also found on the surface of epithelial cells.
36
Q

Hemostasis disorders

A

Thromboemebolic disorders: undesirable clot formation
Bleeding disorders: prevent normal clot formation
DIC: characteristics of both types

37
Q

Thrombus

A

A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

38
Q

Embolus

A

Thronbus breaks free of the vessel wall and floats freely through the blood stream (embolism when it obstructs a vessel)

39
Q

Anticoagulant drugs

A

ASA: blocks plateles aggregation
Heprin
Warfran
Diabigatran: direct inhibitor of thrombin

40
Q

Antigen

A

ANything the body preceves as foreign and that generatesan immune responce

41
Q

Blood types

A

O=Universal donor A & B antigens
AB=Universal recipient No antigens
A=Anti-B
B=Anti-A

A&P 242 (8 decks)

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