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A&P 242 > Endocrine Ch 16 > Flashcards

Endocrine Ch 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands, release hormones into surrounding tissue fluid.

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2
Q

Endocrine glands include:

A 
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pineal
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3
Q

Neuroendocrine

A

Hypothalamus alsong with its neural functions produces and releases hormones.

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4
Q

Contain endocrine tieeus and proform other functions

A

Hypothalamus
Placenta
Gonads
Pancreas

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5
Q

Autocrines

A

Chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them.

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6
Q

Paracrine

A

Also act locally (with in the same tissue) but affect cells other than the cells releasing the chemicals.

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7
Q

2 classes of hormones

A

Amino acid based

Steroids

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8
Q

Amino acid based hormones

A

Most hormones

widely varries size

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9
Q

Steroids

A

Synthesized from cholesterol

Include gonadal and adrenocortical

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10
Q

Hormone changes typically protuces

A

One or more of the following:
Alters plasma membrane permiability or membrane potential
Stimulates synthesis or enzymes and other proteins within the cell
Activates or deactivates enzymes
Induces secretory activity
Stimulates mitosis

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11
Q

How do hormones act on receptors

A
  1. Water soluable: act on receptors in the plasma membrane. Usually use second messangers
  2. Lipid soluable: Act on receptors inside the cell, directly activates genes.
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12
Q

Cyclic AMP signaling

A
  1. Hormone binds receptors (first messanger)
  2. Receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
  5. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases
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13
Q

Phosphodiesterase

A

Enzyme that degrades cAMP

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14
Q

3 factors that target cell activation depends on

A
  1. Blood levels of the hormone
  2. Number of receptors of the hormone on the target cells
  3. Affinity of binding between hormone and receptor
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15
Q

Up-regulation

A

When persistantly low levels of a hormone cause a target cell to form additional receptors

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16
Q

Down-regulation

A

High hormone concentrations decrease the number of target cells for that hormone to prevent it from over reacting to the hormone

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17
Q

Direct gene activation mechanism of lipid-soluable hormone

A
  1. Steroid diffuses through membrane and bindes to intracellula receptor
  2. Receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus
  3. Then binds to DNA
  4. Binding initiates transcription of mRNA
  5. mRNA directs protein synthesis
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18
Q

3 hormone stimuli

A

Humoral
Neural
Hormonal

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19
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

Glands that secrete their hormones in responce to certian ion and nuetriant levels in the blood

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20
Q

Neural Stimuli

A

In few cases nerve fibers stimulate hormone release, example: adrenal medulla

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21
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A

Many glands release their hormons in responce to other hormones

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22
Q

3 types of hormone interaction

A

Permissive
Synergism
Antagonism

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23
Q

Permissive

A

One hormone can not exert its full effects with out another hormone being present.

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24
Q

Synergism

A

One or more hormones produce the same effect on a target but their combined effects are amplified

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25
Q

Antagonism

A

When one hormone opposes that action of another

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26
Q

Posterior Pituitary lobe

A

Composed largely of neural tissue
Stores hormones made in the hypothalamus
not a true endocrine gland.
Actually part of the brain

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27
Q

Anterior Pituitary lobe

A

Composed of granular tissue

Manufactures and releases a number of hormones

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28
Q

Hypothalamis-hypophyseal tract

A

Consisds of:
Paraventricular neuron: makes oxytocin
Supraotic neurons: produce antidiuretic hormone

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29
Q

Primary capillary plexus

A

Vascular connection between the anterior ptiuitary and hypothalamus

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30
Q

Portal system

A

Unusual arrangement of blood in which capillary bed feeds into veins which feeds into a second capillary bed

31
Q

Posterior pituitary and hypothalamiv hormones

A 
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
32
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stong stimulant for uterine contractions, released during chilbirth and nursing, acts as a hormonal trigger for milk ejection (positive feed back mechanisms)
Cuddle hormone

33
Q

Antidiuretic hormone ADH

A

Inhibits urine formation, prevents water imballances and helps the body avoid dehydration.
Vassopression

34
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Hypothalamic neurons that monitor solute concentration of the blood.

35
Q

Anterior putuitary hormone

A 
Growth Hormone
Thyroid-STimulating Hormone
Adrenocortopic Hormone
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing  Hormone
Prolactin
36
Q

GH

A 
Growth Hormone
Produces by somatotropic cells
Stimulates: Liver, muscle, bone, and other tissues
Anabolic (tissue building) hormone
Anti-insulin affects (glucose sparing)
37
Q

GHRH

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone
released by the hypothalamus
Stimulates the Anterior Pituitary gland to release GH.

38
Q

GHIH

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
Produced in various locations in the gut
triggered by negitive feed back of rising GH and inhibits release of GH.

39
Q

Oxytocin

A

From posterior pituitary
Stimulated by uterine contraction and breast feeding.
Acts on uterus to contract and breast to eject milk
Positive feed back

40
Q

ADH

A

Antidiutetic hormone
Released by posterior pituitary
Acts on the kidneys tubule cells to reabsorb water.
Stimulated by increased blood solute concentration or decreased blood volume.

41
Q

TSH

A

Tyroid-stimulating hormone
Released: Anterior Pituitary
Stimulated by TRH
Target: Thyroid gland stimulates release of tyroid hormone

42
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocortropic hormone
Released: anterior pituitary
Target: Adrenal Cortex, promotes release of gluccorticoids and androgens
Stimulated by CRH

43
Q

FSH

A

Folicle-stimulating hormone
Released by anteroir pituitary
Target: Ovaries and Testies
Stimulated by GnRH

44
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone
Released by anterior pituitary
Stimulated by GnRH
Target:Ovaries and testies

45
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin
Target: breast, promotes lactation
inhibited my PIH(dopamine)

46
Q

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

A 
GHRH : Stimulate GH
GHIH : Inhibits GH
TRH : Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
CRH : Corticotropin-releasing hormone
GnRH : Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
PIH: Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
47
Q

Gonadotropins

A

FSH and LH

48
Q

TH

A 
Tyroid hormone
T3 and T4
Uses intracellular receptors
Major metabolic hormone
Effects almost evey body system
Can be stored extracellularly 
Increases metabolic rate,Regulateds growth and development, maintains BP
49
Q

T3 & T4

A

T3: Triiodothyronine (3 bound iodineatoms) forms at target tissues by converting from T4
T4: Thyroxine (4 bound iodine atams) Major hormone secretes by thyroid folicles

50
Q

Graves disease

A

Most common hyperthyroid pathology
autoimmune condition where the person makes abnormal antibodies directed against the thyroid folicular cells
S/S: elevated metabolic rate, sweating rapid irregular HR, weightless bulging eyes.

51
Q

Calcitonin

A

Released by parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid.

Targets bones and inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates Ca+ uptake into the bone.

52
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Most important in controlling Ca+
Falling blood Ca+ levels trigger its release
Stimulates osteoclasts, enhances reabsorbtion of Ca+, Promoted Vit D activation,

53
Q

Adrenal glands

A

On top od the kidneys
2 parts: Adrenal medula and Adrenal cortex
Helps cope with stressful situations.

54
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Synthesizes over 12 steroid hormones called corticosteroids.
Not stored in cells so thier rate of release depends on rate of wynthesis

55
Q

3 layers of the adrenal cortex.

A

From outside in:
Zona glomerulosa: Cell clusters, Help control balance of minerals and water in blood
Zona fasciculata: Linear cordes, mainly produce glucocorticoids.
Zona reticularis: Netlike arrangement, small amounds of adrenal sex hormones and gonadocorticoids.

56
Q

Aldosterone

A

Mineralocorticoids, regulate electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids.
Stimulates Na+ reabsorbtion.
Targets distal kidney tubules
Na+ K regulation

57
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

A

Regulates blood volume and BP
1. BP falls, specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular complex in the kidneys are excited
2. They release Renin into the blood
3. Renin cleaves off part of the plasma protein angiotensiogen, triggering and enzymatic cascade that forma angiotensin II, which stimulates the release or aldosterone.
Altimatly rises BP

58
Q

ANP

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Secreted by the heart when BP rises, fine tunes BP and sodium/water balance
Inhibits renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism and decreases BP by allowing Na+ and Water to flow out as urine.

59
Q

Cortisol

A 
Glucocorticoids
Influence the energy metabolism of most cells, and help resist stressors.
Keep Blood glucose levels constant
Modify gene activity 
Negitive feed back regulation
60
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Excess Glucocorticoid

Persistand hyperglycemia, HTN and edema

61
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex. Deficiencies in glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Weight loss low Na+ high K

62
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Synthesize catecholamines Epi and N Epi

Mobilize when sympatheic nervous system is activated 80% Epi 20% N Epi

63
Q

Epinephrine

A

More potent, stimulator of metabolic activities: bronchial dilation, increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart

64
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Greater influence on PVC and BP

65
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Hangs fron the roof of the 3rd ventricle in the diencephalon.
Secretes pinealocytes
Secretes Melatonin

66
Q

Melatonin

A

Amine hormone derived from serotonin. Peak levels occure at night and make us drowsy.

67
Q

Pancreas

A

Has both endocrine and exocrine cells
Hormone producing cells:
glucogon-synthesizing: alpha
insulin-synthesizing: beta

68
Q

Glucogon

A

Secreted from pancreas
Targets the Liver
Synthesizes glucose fron lactic acid and raises blood glucose

69
Q

Insulin

A

Small amino acid protein
Lowers blood glucose in 3 ways:
1. Enhances membrane transport of glucose
2. Inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
3. Inhibits the breakdown of amino acids and fats to glucose.
Also promotes protein synthesis and fat storage

70
Q

Gonads Produce 3 sex hormones

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone

71
Q

Erythropoetin

A

Secreted from interstitial cells in the kidneys, glygoprotein hormone that signals bone marrow cells to increase production of red blood cells

72
Q

Leptin

A

Secreted by adipose tissue to tell your body how much stored fat you have.

73
Q

Cholecalciferol

A

Inactive form od vitamin D3 produced by the skin. Modified in the liver and fully activates in the kidneys

74
Q

Thymus hormones

A

Developr T Lymphocytes
Thymulin
Thymopoietins
Thymosins

A&P 242 (8 decks)

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