Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P 242 > Endocrine Ch 16 > Flashcards

Endocrine Ch 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands, release hormones into surrounding tissue fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endocrine glands include:

A 
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pineal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neuroendocrine

A

Hypothalamus alsong with its neural functions produces and releases hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Contain endocrine tieeus and proform other functions

A

Hypothalamus
Placenta
Gonads
Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Autocrines

A

Chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Paracrine

A

Also act locally (with in the same tissue) but affect cells other than the cells releasing the chemicals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 classes of hormones

A

Amino acid based

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amino acid based hormones

A

Most hormones

widely varries size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Steroids

A

Synthesized from cholesterol

Include gonadal and adrenocortical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hormone changes typically protuces

A

One or more of the following:
Alters plasma membrane permiability or membrane potential
Stimulates synthesis or enzymes and other proteins within the cell
Activates or deactivates enzymes
Induces secretory activity
Stimulates mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do hormones act on receptors

A
  1. Water soluable: act on receptors in the plasma membrane. Usually use second messangers
  2. Lipid soluable: Act on receptors inside the cell, directly activates genes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cyclic AMP signaling

A
  1. Hormone binds receptors (first messanger)
  2. Receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
  5. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phosphodiesterase

A

Enzyme that degrades cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 factors that target cell activation depends on

A
  1. Blood levels of the hormone
  2. Number of receptors of the hormone on the target cells
  3. Affinity of binding between hormone and receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Up-regulation

A

When persistantly low levels of a hormone cause a target cell to form additional receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Down-regulation

A

High hormone concentrations decrease the number of target cells for that hormone to prevent it from over reacting to the hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Direct gene activation mechanism of lipid-soluable hormone

A
  1. Steroid diffuses through membrane and bindes to intracellula receptor
  2. Receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus
  3. Then binds to DNA
  4. Binding initiates transcription of mRNA
  5. mRNA directs protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 hormone stimuli

A

Humoral
Neural
Hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

Glands that secrete their hormones in responce to certian ion and nuetriant levels in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neural Stimuli

A

In few cases nerve fibers stimulate hormone release, example: adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A

Many glands release their hormons in responce to other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 types of hormone interaction

A

Permissive
Synergism
Antagonism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Permissive

A

One hormone can not exert its full effects with out another hormone being present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Synergism

A

One or more hormones produce the same effect on a target but their combined effects are amplified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Antagonism
When one hormone opposes that action of another
26
Posterior Pituitary lobe
Composed largely of neural tissue Stores hormones made in the hypothalamus not a true endocrine gland. Actually part of the brain
27
Anterior Pituitary lobe
Composed of granular tissue | Manufactures and releases a number of hormones
28
Hypothalamis-hypophyseal tract
Consisds of: Paraventricular neuron: makes oxytocin Supraotic neurons: produce antidiuretic hormone
29
Primary capillary plexus
Vascular connection between the anterior ptiuitary and hypothalamus
30
Portal system
Unusual arrangement of blood in which capillary bed feeds into veins which feeds into a second capillary bed
31
Posterior pituitary and hypothalamiv hormones
``` Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ```
32
Oxytocin
Stong stimulant for uterine contractions, released during chilbirth and nursing, acts as a hormonal trigger for milk ejection (positive feed back mechanisms) Cuddle hormone
33
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
Inhibits urine formation, prevents water imballances and helps the body avoid dehydration. Vassopression
34
Osmoreceptors
Hypothalamic neurons that monitor solute concentration of the blood.
35
Anterior putuitary hormone
``` Growth Hormone Thyroid-STimulating Hormone Adrenocortopic Hormone Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Prolactin ```
36
GH
``` Growth Hormone Produces by somatotropic cells Stimulates: Liver, muscle, bone, and other tissues Anabolic (tissue building) hormone Anti-insulin affects (glucose sparing) ```
37
GHRH
Growth hormone releasing hormone released by the hypothalamus Stimulates the Anterior Pituitary gland to release GH.
38
GHIH
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone Produced in various locations in the gut triggered by negitive feed back of rising GH and inhibits release of GH.
39
Oxytocin
From posterior pituitary Stimulated by uterine contraction and breast feeding. Acts on uterus to contract and breast to eject milk Positive feed back
40
ADH
Antidiutetic hormone Released by posterior pituitary Acts on the kidneys tubule cells to reabsorb water. Stimulated by increased blood solute concentration or decreased blood volume.
41
TSH
Tyroid-stimulating hormone Released: Anterior Pituitary Stimulated by TRH Target: Thyroid gland stimulates release of tyroid hormone
42
ACTH
Adrenocortropic hormone Released: anterior pituitary Target: Adrenal Cortex, promotes release of gluccorticoids and androgens Stimulated by CRH
43
FSH
Folicle-stimulating hormone Released by anteroir pituitary Target: Ovaries and Testies Stimulated by GnRH
44
LH
Luteinizing hormone Released by anterior pituitary Stimulated by GnRH Target:Ovaries and testies
45
PRL
Prolactin Target: breast, promotes lactation inhibited my PIH(dopamine)
46
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
``` GHRH : Stimulate GH GHIH : Inhibits GH TRH : Thyrotropin-releasing hormone CRH : Corticotropin-releasing hormone GnRH : Gonadotropin-releasing hormone PIH: Prolactin-inhibiting hormone ```
47
Gonadotropins
FSH and LH
48
TH
``` Tyroid hormone T3 and T4 Uses intracellular receptors Major metabolic hormone Effects almost evey body system Can be stored extracellularly Increases metabolic rate,Regulateds growth and development, maintains BP ```
49
T3 & T4
T3: Triiodothyronine (3 bound iodineatoms) forms at target tissues by converting from T4 T4: Thyroxine (4 bound iodine atams) Major hormone secretes by thyroid folicles
50
Graves disease
Most common hyperthyroid pathology autoimmune condition where the person makes abnormal antibodies directed against the thyroid folicular cells S/S: elevated metabolic rate, sweating rapid irregular HR, weightless bulging eyes.
51
Calcitonin
Released by parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid. | Targets bones and inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates Ca+ uptake into the bone.
52
Parathyroid hormone
Most important in controlling Ca+ Falling blood Ca+ levels trigger its release Stimulates osteoclasts, enhances reabsorbtion of Ca+, Promoted Vit D activation,
53
Adrenal glands
On top od the kidneys 2 parts: Adrenal medula and Adrenal cortex Helps cope with stressful situations.
54
Adrenal Cortex
Synthesizes over 12 steroid hormones called corticosteroids. Not stored in cells so thier rate of release depends on rate of wynthesis
55
3 layers of the adrenal cortex.
From outside in: Zona glomerulosa: Cell clusters, Help control balance of minerals and water in blood Zona fasciculata: Linear cordes, mainly produce glucocorticoids. Zona reticularis: Netlike arrangement, small amounds of adrenal sex hormones and gonadocorticoids.
56
Aldosterone
Mineralocorticoids, regulate electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids. Stimulates Na+ reabsorbtion. Targets distal kidney tubules Na+ K regulation
57
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism
Regulates blood volume and BP 1. BP falls, specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular complex in the kidneys are excited 2. They release Renin into the blood 3. Renin cleaves off part of the plasma protein angiotensiogen, triggering and enzymatic cascade that forma angiotensin II, which stimulates the release or aldosterone. Altimatly rises BP
58
ANP
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Secreted by the heart when BP rises, fine tunes BP and sodium/water balance Inhibits renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism and decreases BP by allowing Na+ and Water to flow out as urine.
59
Cortisol
``` Glucocorticoids Influence the energy metabolism of most cells, and help resist stressors. Keep Blood glucose levels constant Modify gene activity Negitive feed back regulation ```
60
Cushing's Syndrome
Excess Glucocorticoid | Persistand hyperglycemia, HTN and edema
61
Addison's Disease
Hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex. Deficiencies in glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Weight loss low Na+ high K
62
Adrenal Medulla
Synthesize catecholamines Epi and N Epi | Mobilize when sympatheic nervous system is activated 80% Epi 20% N Epi
63
Epinephrine
More potent, stimulator of metabolic activities: bronchial dilation, increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart
64
Norepinephrine
Greater influence on PVC and BP
65
Pineal Gland
Hangs fron the roof of the 3rd ventricle in the diencephalon. Secretes pinealocytes Secretes Melatonin
66
Melatonin
Amine hormone derived from serotonin. Peak levels occure at night and make us drowsy.
67
Pancreas
Has both endocrine and exocrine cells Hormone producing cells: glucogon-synthesizing: alpha insulin-synthesizing: beta
68
Glucogon
Secreted from pancreas Targets the Liver Synthesizes glucose fron lactic acid and raises blood glucose
69
Insulin
Small amino acid protein Lowers blood glucose in 3 ways: 1. Enhances membrane transport of glucose 2. Inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose 3. Inhibits the breakdown of amino acids and fats to glucose. Also promotes protein synthesis and fat storage
70
Gonads Produce 3 sex hormones
Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone
71
Erythropoetin
Secreted from interstitial cells in the kidneys, glygoprotein hormone that signals bone marrow cells to increase production of red blood cells
72
Leptin
Secreted by adipose tissue to tell your body how much stored fat you have.
73
Cholecalciferol
Inactive form od vitamin D3 produced by the skin. Modified in the liver and fully activates in the kidneys
74
Thymus hormones
Developr T Lymphocytes Thymulin Thymopoietins Thymosins

A&P 242 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions