Immune system Flashcards
due to training what are athletes at higher risk of
URTI - upper respiratory tract infection
why are athletes are greater risk of URTI
travel, cold training, , ^ lung ventilation (increase exposure to pathogens)
bad sleep, high stress (depress immune function)
how does exercise interacted with illness
more exercise eg marathons ^ illness
more exercise in the elderly decrease illness risk
Exercise and illness link (graph)
sub elite - ^ risk at high intensity (J shape)
elite - still increase risk but lower (S shape)
moderate intensity is optimal for decreasing risk
how does exercise effect circulating immune cells (graph)
^ all (leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes) but then numbers decrease following initial spike then neutrophils & leukocytes climb again
Biphasic Leucocytosis = first spike
why does exercise ^ immune cell circulation (early stages)
^ blood flow = ^ shear stress & ^ catecholamines = decrease adherence (immune cells taken off vessel walls - demargination)
why does exercise ^ immune cell circulation (late stages)
CNS triggered leads to activation & eventually mobilisation of neutrophils from bone marrow
what does the drop in lymphocyte levels mean following initial spike from exercise? (lymphocytopenia)
falling below baseline level = a window for risk of infection or they are moving to where they need to be? (unknown)
how do neutrophils respond to acute exercise?
increase levels but decrease degranulation (decreased function)
how do neutrophils respond to training?
levels drop following an intense training week (depletion of mature neutrophils) = ^ infection risk as immature ones are less effective
how does exercise influence lymphocyte proliferation?
temporarily decrease post exercise (^ illness risk)
why does exercise decrease lymphocytes proliferation
due to increased cortisol levels (from exercise)
how does severe exercise effect cell medicated immunity?
supresses cell mediated immunity significantly (less inflammation)
(ex triathletes compare to non athletes in an antigen test)
Cell and humoral immunity key cells produced for each?
Cell = IGN-y
Humoral = IL-4
how does exercise effect IL-4 & IFN-y and what does it mean?
IL-4 unchanged
IFN-y decreases
means exercise increase cell mediated immunity but not humoral
practical advice examples for reduce illness risk
mask, wash hands, own water bottle, brush teeth, greater awareness, sleep, balanced diet ect
should you exercise with an infection & what to do after?
no as it may increase severity or duration of the illness
don’t resume training at same level after & isolate from infected others
how does exercise effect iGA
reduces it increasing risk of URTI a lot
more training = more decrease
how does exercise effect CD8 T cells
decrease them meaning there are less in the blood to fight disease
what do you need to train intensely?
take CHO during exercise which:
- prevents cortisol & adrenaline
- maintain blood glucose
- prevents IFN-y
what is DALDA
daily analysis of life demands for athletes - rate statements eg muscle pains, sleep, boredom ect
what does Quercetin supplementation do?
greater increase of proliferation of WBC’s
much lower risk of URTI
what does Non-acholic beer supplementation
potentially reduce risk of URTI
what are probiotics?
live microorganisms that modified gut bacteria
how do probiotics effect infection risk?
decreases risk of infection and maintains levels of salivary iGA
how does a high protein diet effect infection risk when training hard
no significant decrease when compared to a normal diet
WBC & CD8 T cell levels maintained
which supplements have strong evidence for decreasing infection risk (others need more evidence)
Zinc lozenges (decrease viral activity)
Vitamin C
Probiotics
Vitamin D (needed in winter)
